1. Hydraulic Fracture: multiscale processes and moving interfaces Anthony Peirce Department of Mathematics University of British Columbia WORKSHOP ON ROCK MECHANICS AND LOGISTICS IN MINING February 26, 2007 Collaborators: Jose` Adachi (SLB, Houston) Rachel Kuske (UBC) Sarah Mitchell (UBC) Ed Siebrits (SLB, Houston)

2. 2 Outline What is a hydraulic fracture? Mathematical models of hydraulic fracture Scaling and special solutions for 1-2D models Numerical modeling for 2-3D problems Conclusions

3. 3 HF Examples - block caving

4. 4 HF Example – caving (Jeffrey, CSIRO)

5. 5 HF Examples – well stimulation

6. 6 Model EQ 1: Conservation of mass

7. 7 1-2D model and physical processes Fracture Energy Breaking rock Leak-off Viscous energy loss

8. 8 Scaling and dimensionless quantities Rescale: Dimensionless quantities: Governing equations become:

9. 9 Toughness dominated propagation Asymptotic behaviour of the Hilbert transform Large toughness:

10. 10 Viscosity dominated propagation Asymptotic behaviour of the Hilbert transform Large viscosity:

11. 11 HF experiment (Bunger & Jeffrey CSIRO)

12. 12 2-3D HF Equations Elasticity Lubrication Boundary conditions at moving front (non-locality) (free boundary) (non-linearity)

13. 13 Coupled equations – a model problem nn-1n-2n+1n+2 Elasticity Fluid Flow

14. 14 Conditioning of the Jacobian Evolution equation for w: Eigenvalues of AC: Explicit Scheme Use implicit time stepping

15. 15 General first order iterative method Consider solving: using the iterative method Residual errors are damped according to

16. 16 Damping factor Poorly Damped Well Damped

17. 17 Multigrid Methods

18. 18 MG approach for coupled HF Equations

19. 19 MG preconditioning of C coarsening using dual mesh Localized GS smoother

20. 20 Performance of MG Preconditioner ~9.5 x

21. 21 Incomplete LU factorization function [A] = lu(A) [n,n]=size(A); for j=1:n for k=1:j-1 for i=k+1:n A(i,j)=A(i,j)-A(i,k)*A(k,j); end for i=j+1:n A(i,j)=A(i,j)/A(j,j); end return function [A] = basicILUc(A) [n,n]=size(A); for j=1:n for k=1:j-1 if A(k,j) ~=0, for i=k+1:n if A(i,j) ~=0, A(i,j)=A(i,j)-A(i,k)*A(k,j); end for i=j+1:n if A(i,j) ~=0, A(i,j)=A(i,j)/A(j,j); end return

22. 22 Local Jacobian & Fourier Analysis nn-1n-2n+1n+2 Elasticity Fluid Flow

23. 23 Spectrum of AC (AC Loc ) -1

24. 24 Eigenvalues of preconditioners

25. 25 Numerical results for stress jump

26. 26 Numerical results for stress jump

27. 27 Front evolution via the VOF method 0.75 0.15 1.0 0.78 0.3 0.06

28. 28 Time stepping and front evolution Time step loop: VOF loop: Coupled Solution end next VOF iteration next time step

29. 29 Radial Solution

30. 30 Fracture width for modulus contrast Modulus Changes Source

31. 31 Fracture width for stress jump

32. 32 Pressure and width evolution

33. 33 Channel fracture & pinch region

34. 34 Hourglass HF with leakoff

35. 35 Concluding remarks Examples of hydraulic fractures Scaling and physical processes in 1D models  Tip asymptotics: & Numerical models of 2-3D hydraulic fractures  The non-local, nonlinear & free boundary problem  An Eulerian approach and the coupled equations  A multigrid algorithm for the coupled problem  ILU Factorization for the Localized Jacobian  Front evolution via the VOF method Numerical results