1. Linear Super-B Factory Progress John T. Seeman FPCP Workshop Vancouver BC April 9, 2006

2. Topics  Brief history  Accelerator physics factors  Four leading collider layouts  Conclusions

3. Participants  Frascati: P. Raimondi, M. Biagini, S. Guiducci  LBNL: A. Wolski  Novosibirsk: I. Koop  SLAC: Y. Cai, S. Ecklund, P. McIntosh, A. Novokhatski, M. Sullivan, J. Seeman, D. Teytelman, U. Wienands  Plus: many contributions from others

4. History  2004-2005: Both KEKB and PEP-II B-Factories have reached over 1 x 10 34 /cm 2 /s!  2002-2005: Both KEK and SLAC pursued Super-B upgrades with significantly higher currents and lower  y*.  2004: Super-KEKB design is presented to the KEK Laboratory.  March 2005: Emerged from the Super-B Workshop in Hawaii a concept of a single pass Linear Super-B Factory  November 2005: Frascati workshop outlined a Super-B design with single pass collisions, bunch compression, and energy recovery linacs.  March 2006: Frascati workshop outlines a Super-B Collider design that collides every turn but with bunch compression or large crossing angles.

5. Super-B Basic concepts  Higher currents and large number of bunches make more luminosity but needs higher RF power.  Faster damping allows stronger collisions but needs higher RF power.  Shorter bunches allow smaller vertical spot sizes.  Lower emittance makes for smaller spot sizes but leads to single ring enlargment issues.  Need small energy spread (~10 -3 ) in the collisions to match Y4S resonance shape.

6. Luminosity  The luminosity for a linear collider is: L=Hd Np P / 4  E  x  y L=Hd Np P / 4  E  x  y Hd : disruption enhancement Hd : disruption enhancement P : average beam power P : average beam power  For a storage ring is: L=2.17 x 10 34 (1+r)  y EI /  y L=2.17 x 10 34 (1+r)  y EI /  y I : beam current I : beam current  y : vertical tune shift  y : vertical tune shift  y : IP vertical beta function

7. Scaling laws to optimize the single pass IP parameters  Disruption:  Luminosity  Energy spread: Decrease  z + decrease N Increase spotsize Increase N Decrease spotsize Increase  z + decrease N Increase spotsize Contradicting requests!

8. More Detailed Luminosity Equation  y * = beam-beam parameter = D y /4 . N = number of particles  y * = vertical beta function s = bunch spacing E = beam energy F = Hourglass + parasitic collision factor (~<1.0)

9. Parameters of Super-B Designs Collider yy N y*y* sEFLumin Units10 mmmGeV(~Hd)10 35 PEP-IINormal0.0688111.263.10.840.10 KEKBNormal0.0655.862.13.50.760.16 Super- PEP-II High I low  y 0.12101.70.323.50.817 Super- KEKB High I low  y 0.281230.593.50.765 Linear SuperB Single pass 29.100.525041.0710 SuperB Bunch shorten 0.1460.40.6340.7510 SuperB X’ing angle 0.04520.080.550.89

10. Final Focus  Use ILC final focus concept  Scale to B Factory energies  (4 x 7 GeV) (3.5 x 8 GeV).  Use small superconducting quadrupoles for the final doublet.  Chromatic corrections done in the IR with sextupoles.

11.  A. Seryi

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14.  M. Sullivan

15. Beam-Beam Simulations  Track macro-particles through the collision to see blow up effects. (Guinea Pig code from ILC)  Compare single pass beam-beam effects with ring beam-beam effects.  Couple single pass collisions with damping in a ring.

16. Horizontal Collision Vertical collision Effective horizontal size during collision about 10 times smaller, vertical size 10 times larger Simulation by D.Schulte First attempt

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18. Type 1 Single Pass Linear Super-B  Collide each bunch once very hard making a lot of luminosity.  Use very small beta functions at the IP like ILC.  Re-inject into the damping rings and damp for several damping times.  Collide again after the disrupted emittances have damped.  Simulations show vertical emittance blow up is about 300 times.  Need about 6 damping times between collisions.  Need very short damping times  high power.

19. Linear-B scheme IP LER Bunch compressor and FF HER Bunch compressor and FF LER HER Overall ring length about 6Km, Collision frequency about 120Hz*10000bunch_trains=1.200MHz Bunch train stays in the rings for 8.3msec, then is extracted, compressed and focused. After the collision the bunch is reinjected in its ring LER injection HER injection

20. Horizontal phase after the collision Vertical phase after the collision IP Parameters set considered at the workshop caused large increase of the emittance due to the collision:  x_out /  x_in =12  y_out /  y_in =300 M. Biagini studies

21. Luminosity &  E vs N. of bunches at fixed total current = 7.2 A (6.2 Km ring) Energy spread Working point Study by M. Biagini

22. Type 2 Energy Recover Linear Super-B  Use single pass collider idea but use energy recovery linacs (ERLs) to accelerate, collide, then deccelerate the beams to the reduce damping ring energy and energy loss to synchrotron radiation.  This technique saves energy lost in damping rings between ~E 2 and ~E 4.  Acceleration also adiabatically damps emittance and energy spread making bunch compression easier.

23. Linear Super B schemes with acceleration and energy recovery, to reduce power e- Gun 2GeV e+ DR IP 5GeV e+ SC Linac e- Dump 7GeV e+ 4 GeV e- 4GeV e- SC Linac 2 GeV e+ injection 2 GeV Linac1.5 GeV Linac Linac Damping Rings 2 GeV Linac e + Gun e - Gun  Use SC linacs to recover energy  Use lower energy damping rings to reduce synchrotron radiation  No electron damping ring  Make electrons fresh every cycle  Damping time means time to radiate all energy  Why not make a fresh beam if storage time is greater than 1 damping time

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26. Type 3 Super-B with Bunch Compression  Collide every turn in the damping ring.  Install an ILC like final focus.  Choose parameters to cause small emittance blow up.  Use bunch compressor to shorten the bunches at the IP. Decompress after the IP.  Use monochromator scheme at IP to compensate the energy spread to match the small Y4S resonance.

27. Compressor Decompressor IP FF ILC ring with ILC FF ILC Compressor, 0.4GeV S-Band or 1GeV L-Band Crossing angle optional Simplified layout in the Small Disruption Regime Collisions every Turn P. Raimondi

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30. One option: Motivation: SLAC Tunnel  Use an existing tunnel and injector (2200 m)  Use existing RF system (476 MHz)  Make two rings for each beam in the tunnel  First ring provides damping and low emittances in x, y, and z planes  Second ring is for bunch compression by a factor of about x6  Second ring has an ILC final focus for collisions  Collide every bunch on every turn (  really two turns= 4400 m)  Collide 4 x 7 GeV with bunches 1 m apart  Keep bunch charges and beam currents at about present or soon-to-be levels.  Keep beam-beam parameters at the present PEP-II / KEKB levels (or very nearly)  Do not need short damping times which saves AC power!

31. Layout of One Ring: Other Ring is the Reverse!  IP And Detector Final Focus Reverse Final Focus Damping ring = 2200 m Bunch expander Bunch compressor Linac injector

32. Super-B-Factory in a 4400 m Tunnel 0.4 mm 

33. SBF as shown in Traditional Ring Collider Parameters  Emittances = 12.x1.5 nm

34. Approximate AC Power  PEP-II (2200 m) (1 ring LER and HER)  RF AC Power LER at 3.1 GeV = 1 MeV/turn x 4 A x 2 = 8 MW  RF AC Power HER at 9.0 GeV = 3.6 MeV/turn x 2 A x 2 = 14.5 MW  Total RF AC power = 22.5 MW.  Super-B factory (4400 m) (2 rings LER and HER)  RF AC Power LER at 4 GeV ~ 1.8 MeV/turn x 4 A x 2 x 2= 29 MW  RF AC Power HER at 7.0 GeV ~ 2.2 MeV/turn x 2.5 A x 2 x 2= 22 MW  Total RF AC power = 51 MW.

35. (Type 4) Super-B with Large Crossing Angles  Collide with a large crossing angle (2x25 mrad)  Thus, only a small longitudinal part of each bunch collides with a small longitudinal part of the opposing bunch. (luminosity loss)  However, the vertical beta function can be made very small while keep the overall bunch length long. (luminosity gain) (better for beam instabilities)  Use ILC final focus.  Do not need strong damping.

36. IP FF ILC ring & ILC FF Simplified layout in the Small Disruption Regime Collisions every turn Uncompressed bunches Crossing angle = 2*25 mrad Crabbed Y-Waist P. Raimondi

37. Vertical waist has to be a function of x: Vertical waist has to be a function of x: Z=0 for particles at –  x (-  x /2 at low current) Z=0 for particles at –  x (-  x /2 at low current) Z=  x /  for particles at +  x (  x /2 at low current) Z=  x /  for particles at +  x (  x /2 at low current) 2Sz 2Sx  z x 2Sx/  2Sz*  e- e+

38. Collisions with uncompressed beams Crossing angle = 2*25mrad Relative Emittance growth per collision about 1.5*10 -3  yout /  yin =1.0015 Horizontal PlaneVertical Plane

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40. New: Crab waists may not be so important  I. Koop BINP

41. Parameters of Super-B Designs Collider yy N y*y* sEFLumin Units10 mmmGeV(~Hd)10 35 PEP-IINormal0.0688111.263.10.840.10 KEKBNormal0.0655.862.13.50.760.16 Super- PEP-II High I low  y 0.12101.70.323.50.817 Super- KEKB High I low  y 0.281230.593.50.765 Linear SuperB Single pass 29.100.525041.0710 SuperB Bunch shorten 0.1460.40.6340.7510 SuperB X’ing angle 0.04520.080.550.89

42. Round single pass Flat single pass Flat Ring with compressor Flat Ring no compressor Sigx*  m 0.9 30 (2 betatron) 18 (2 betatron) 2.67 Etax mm 0.0+-1.5+-5.00.0 Sigy nm 90012.663.212.6 Betx mm 0.555.05.08.9 Bety mm 0.550.0800.5000.080 Sigz_IP mm 0.80.1000.6004.0 Sige_IP1.0e-32.0e-23.5e-31.0e-3 Sige_Lum0.7e-31.0e-31.0e-30.7e-3 Emix nm 1.50.80.80.8 Emiy nm 1.50.0020.0080.002 Emiz  m 0.82.02.04.0 Cross_angle mrad OptionalOptional>2*122*25 Sigz_DR mm 0.84.04.04.0 Sige_DR1.0e-30.5e-30.5e-31.0e-3 Np 10e10 7.07.02.02.0 Nbunches12000120001200012000 DR_length km 6.06.06.06.0 Damping_time msec 20202020 Nturns_betwe_coll505011 Collision freq MHz 12.012.0600600 L singleturn 1e36 1.51.51.71.3 L multiturn 1e36 1.11.10.90.9 P. Raimondi

43. Conclusions Conclusions -There has been rapid progress in the optimization of the Super-B Collider parameters and layout -Energy acceleration by ILC SC-cavities helps somewhat but is not really needed. -Energy acceleration by ILC SC-cavities helps somewhat but is not really needed. -Workable parameter set contains: - ILC damping ring, - ILC damping ring, - ILC bunch compressor, - ILC bunch compressor, - ILC Final Focus - ILC Final Focus - The optimal collision rate seems to be every turn.

44. - Solution with a ILC DR + ILC FF seems very promising: - Solution with a ILC DR + ILC FF seems very promising: - Crossing angle of about 25mrad allows low vertical beta function with no bunch compression - Crossing angle of about 25mrad allows low vertical beta function with no bunch compression - Thus: No compressor and no energy acceleration - Thus: No compressor and no energy acceleration -Uses all the work done for ILC - Ring and FF layouts similar to ILC - 6 km circumference rings - Strong synergy with ILC - Beam stay clear about 20 sigma assuming 1cm radius beam pipe - Beam currents about 2 Amps - Power around 70 MW, further optimization may be possible. - Reuse PEP RF system, power supplies, vacuum pumps, etc. - Standard injection system. Conclusions (2) for large crossing angle collider