1. Introduction to Tcl and Tk Outline –The Tcl Language –The Tk Toolkit –Tk Applications –Composing Applications –Status and Conclusions Goal –Understand basics of Tcl and Tk –Understand Tk/Tcl philosophy Reading –Ch. 5-9, Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk

2. Overview What –Tcl: embeddable scripting language –Tk: X11/Windows/Mac toolkit and widgets based on Tcl Principle –single interpretive language controls all aspects of all interactive applications »function »interface »composition of pieces »communication between applications Results –higher- level graphics programming - simpler, 10X faster –greater power - more programmable, programs work together

3. Tcl: Tool Command Language Problem –interactive programs need command languages –traditionally redone for each application –result: weak, quirky –Emacs and csh nice, but cannot reuse Solution: Tcl –command language = embeddable C library –powerful features: procedures, variables, lists, expressions, loops, etc. –extensible by applications

4. Language Philosophy Language classes –large application implementation (structure, performance important) –scripting, extensions –interactive commands (structure bad, performance not critical) One language can’t meet all three needs? Tcl goals –simple syntax (for humans) –programmable –easy to interpret –simple interface to C/C++ procedures C Tcl

5. Tcl Syntax Basic syntax like shells –words separated by spaces: cmd arg arg arg... –commands separated by newlines, semicolons –commands return string results Simple substitution rules –variables: set a $b –command results: set a [expr $b+2] –complex arguments: if $a<0 { puts stdout “a is negative” }

6. More on the Tcl Language Rich set of built-in commands –variables, associative arrays, lists –arithmetic expressions –conditionals, looping –procedures –access to files, system commands Only data type is string –easy access from C/C++ –programs and data are interchangeable

7. Example: Factorial proc fac x { if {$x<=1} { return 1 } expr {$x*[fac [expr $x-1]]} } fac 4 Returns: 24

8. Embedding Tcl in Applications Parser Init Command Loop Application generates Tcl scripts Tcl parses scripts, calls command procedures with argc, argv Application extends built-in command set –define new object types in C –implement primitive operations on objects as new Tcl commands –build complex features with Tcl scripts TclApplication Built-In CommandsApplication Commands

9. The Tk Toolkit Problem –too hard to build applications with nice user interfaces Wrong Solution –C++, object-oriented toolkits –only 10-20% improvement, must still program at low level Right Solution –raise the level of GUI programming –create interfaces by writing Tcl scripts

10. Creating Interfaces with Tk Widgets/windows have path names.dlg.quit Create widget with command named after class button.dlg.quit -text Quit \ -foreground red -command exit Tell geometry manager where to display widget place.dlg.quit -x 0 -y 0 pack.dlg.quit -side bottom

11. Other Tk Features Manipulate widgets with widget commands.dlg.quit flash.dlg.quit configure -relief sunken Use Tcl for interconnection –buttons, menu entries invoke Tcl commands –scrollbars and listboxes communicate with Tcl –can define new event bindings in Tcl –selection, focus accessible via Tcl Tk also provides C interfaces –create new widget classes –create new geometry managers

12. What’s a Tk-Based Application? 1. The Tcl interpreter 2. The Tk toolkit 3. Application-specific C code (primitives!) –new object types –new widgets 4. Tcl scripts (compose primitives) –build GUI –respond to events Tcl commands

13. Wish: Simplest Tk Application Wish - windowing shell No C code except command-line reader Can build many apps as wish scripts –Hello, world: label.hello \ -text “Hello, world”.pack.hello –simple directory browser »30 lines of Tk/Tcl

14. Browser Wish Script listbox.list -yscroll “.scroll set” \ -relief raised -width 20 -height 20 pack.list -side left scrollbar.scroll -command “.list yview” pack.scroll -side right -fill y if {$argc > 0} { set dir [lindex $argv 0] } else { set dir “.” } foreach i [exec ls -a $dir] {.list insert end $i } bind.list { browse $dir [selection get] } bind.list {destroy.} focus.list

15. Browse Script Cont. proc browse {dir file} { global env if {$dir != “.”} {set file $dir/$file} if [file isdirectory $file] { exec browse $file & } else { if [file isfile $file] { exec $env(EDITOR) $file & } else { puts stdout “can’t browse $file” } Browse is also name of wish script

16. TkSol - Tk-Based Solitaire Program

17. TkSol Statistics Code –1635 lines of Tk/Tcl code –4 card down bitmaps –52 card up bitmaps (4 suits of 13 cards each) –almost all time in bitmap creation Comparison to MS Solitaire –simpler end game –has auto-play mode –slower startup –slower deal –similar interactive speed

18. TkMines Statistics Code –1178 lines of Tk/Tcl code –uses a few signal and time commands from TclX extension, are not really needed –several small bitmaps for squares Comparison to MS Mines –simpler score file –same look-and-feel –slower startup –similar interactive performance

19. Composing Applications Problem –only communication between applications is via selection »OLE on MS Windows provides object selection –result: monolithic programs Solution - send command –send appName command –any Tk application can invoke anything in any other Tk application: interface or actions –result: powerful communication –result: big security hole

20. Composing Applications, cont. Examples –debugger - sends command to editor to highlight line of execution –UI editor - sends commands to modify interface of live application –multimedia - send record, play commands to audio and video applications –spreadsheets - cell sends commands to database to fetch current value Revolutionary results –build complex systems as collections of specialized but reusable hypertools –easy to create active objects: embeddable Tcl commands. Hypertext, hypermedia is easy.

21. Status Source and documentation freely available –developed at UC Berkeley –now maintained and developed at Sun Labs –code redistributable in commercial applications –runs on UNIX, Windows, Mac Large user/developer community –50,000+ worldwide –comp.lang.tcl newsgroup –many commercial products –several books Many extensions available –Tk is just one extension

22. Drawbacks Must learn new language –substitution can be confusing Interpreted language has performance limits –want a compiler for some applications –want to avoid C programming –dynamic compiler will provide at least 10x speedup Competition –Visual Basic –AppleScript –Java/JavaScript

23. Conclusions High-level programming –less to learn –easy to learn –build applications very quickly One interpretive language for everything –extend and modify applications at run-time –make many things work together Web programming/agent language? –platform independent –interpreted –easily embedded –secure