1. Strategic Entrepreneurship Chapter Thirteen BA 495.009

2. 13–2 Today’s Agenda Strategic EntrepreneurshipStrategic Entrepreneurship  Definitions  Funding Sources  International Entrepreneurship Innovation ProcessInnovation Process Model of Internal Corporate VenturingModel of Internal Corporate Venturing Implementing Internal InnovationsImplementing Internal Innovations Other Innovation StrategiesOther Innovation Strategies Wrap-upWrap-up

3. 13–3 Strategic Entrepreneurship

4. 13–4 Strategic Entrepreneurship Strategic EntrepreneurshipStrategic Entrepreneurship  Taking entrepreneurial actions using a strategic perspective. Discovery of profitable opportunities in external environmentDiscovery of profitable opportunities in external environment Implementation of strategy that exploits these opportunitiesImplementation of strategy that exploits these opportunities  Engaging in simultaneous opportunity seeking and competitive advantage seeking behaviors.  Designing and implementing entrepreneurial strategies to create value and wealth. Entrepreneurship can be appliedEntrepreneurship can be applied  To individual business owners  To corporations

5. 13–5 Strategic Entrepreneurship and Innovation Entrepreneurship is concerned with:Entrepreneurship is concerned with:  Developing new products and services  Introducing existing products and services to new markets  Developing innovative processes and systems within the firm Firms that encourage entrepreneurship are:Firms that encourage entrepreneurship are:  Risk takers.  Committed to innovation.  Proactive in creating opportunities rather than waiting to respond to opportunities created by others.

6. 13–6 Entrepreneurial Opportunities Entrepreneurial OpportunitiesEntrepreneurial Opportunities  Conditions in which new products or services can satisfy a need in the market. Entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial managers must be able to:Entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial managers must be able to:  Identify opportunities not perceived by others.  Take actions to exploit the opportunities.  Establish a competitive advantage. “Creative Destruction” of existing products and services“Creative Destruction” of existing products and services

7. 13–7 Entrepreneurs EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs  Individuals acting independently or as part of an organization who create a new venture or develop an innovation, and take risks entering innovations into the marketplace.  Can be at any level in an organization - from owner to manager to front-line employee. Entrepreneurial capabilities include:Entrepreneurial capabilities include:  Entrepreneurial mind-set  Intellectual capital & effective human capital  Transfer of entrepreneurial competence to others

8. 13–8 Capital for Entrepreneurial Ventures Venture Capital FirmsVenture Capital Firms  Seek high returns on their investment.  Value the competence of the entrepreneur or the human capital in the firm.  Place weight on the expected scope of competitive rivalry the firm is likely to experience.  Evaluate the degree of instability in the market addressed.

9. 13–9 Capital for Entrepreneurial Ventures Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)  Are new stock priced to reflect the firm’s high potential.  Often yield much larger equity investments than can be obtained from venture capitalists.  Investment bankers frequently play major roles in the development and offering of IPOs.  Firms that have previously received venture capital backing usually receive greater returns from IPOs.

10. 13–10 Capital for Entrepreneurial Ventures Angel InvestorsAngel Investors  Wealthy individuals who invest similarly to Venture Capital Firms.  Often used early in the company’s growth.  Expect high returns in exchange for assuming great risk. Friends & FamilyFriends & Family  The FIRST set of investors.  Most other funding sources will look to this group as a signal.

11. 13–11 International Entrepreneurship Focus is outside domestic marketFocus is outside domestic market International entrepreneurship can:International entrepreneurship can:  Fuel economic growth  Create employment  Generate prosperity for citizens There is a strong positive relationship between the rate of entrepreneurial activity and economic development in a nation.There is a strong positive relationship between the rate of entrepreneurial activity and economic development in a nation.

12. 13–12 International Entrepreneurship There must be a balance (in the culture) betweenThere must be a balance (in the culture) between  Individual initiative and  The spirit of cooperation and group ownership of innovation. Successful entrepreneurial firms:Successful entrepreneurial firms:  Provide appropriate autonomy.  Offer incentives for individual initiative.  Promote cooperation and group ownership of an innovation.

13. 13–13 Innovation

14. 13–14 Innovation Process The act of creating or developing a new product or processThe act of creating or developing a new product or process Brings something new into being.Brings something new into being. Technical criteria are used to determine the success of an invention.Technical criteria are used to determine the success of an invention. Invention

15. 13–15 Innovation Process The process of creating a commercial product from an invention.The process of creating a commercial product from an invention. Brings something new into use.Brings something new into use. Commercial criteria are used to determine the success of an innovation.Commercial criteria are used to determine the success of an innovation. Invention Innovation

16. 13–16 Innovation Process The adoption of an innovation by similar firmsThe adoption of an innovation by similar firms Usually leads to product or process standardization.Usually leads to product or process standardization. Products based on imitation often are offered at lower prices but with fewer features.Products based on imitation often are offered at lower prices but with fewer features. Invention Innovation Imitation

17. 13–17 Incremental and Radical Innovation Incremental InnovationIncremental Innovation  Is the usual case for innovation in organizations.  Provides small increments in current product lines.  Improves existing knowledge and processes.  Tighter variance on value and risk. Radical InnovationRadical Innovation  Is rare because of difficulty and risk.  Provides significant technological breakthroughs.  Creates new knowledge and processes.  Wider variance on value and risk.

18. 13–18 Model of Internal Corporate Venturing

19. 13–19 Source: Adapted from R. A. Burgelman, 1983, A model of the interactions of strategic behavior, corporate context, and the concept of strategy, Academy of Management Review, 8: 65. Model of Internal Corporate Venturing

20. 13–20 Internal Corporate Venturing Autonomous Strategic BehaviorAutonomous Strategic Behavior  A bottom-up process (involving manager-level employees)  Product Champions develop and coordinate the commercialization of a new good or service until it achieves success in the marketplace. Product ChampionProduct Champion  An organizational member with an entrepreneurial vision of a new good or service who seeks to create support for the vision’s commercialization.

21. 13–21 Internal Corporate Venturing Induced Strategic Behavior  A top-down process whereby the firm’s current strategy and structure foster product innovations.  The strategy in place is filtered through a matching structural hierarchy. Resulting innovations are highly related to the firm’s current strategy.Resulting innovations are highly related to the firm’s current strategy.

22. 13–22 Implementing Internal Innovations

23. 13–23 Implementing New Product Development and Internal Ventures To be innovative and develop internal ventures requires:To be innovative and develop internal ventures requires:  An entrepreneurial mindset  Risk propensity  An emphasis on execution Individuals with an entrepreneurial mindset engage the energies of everyone in their domain both inside and outside the organization.Individuals with an entrepreneurial mindset engage the energies of everyone in their domain both inside and outside the organization.

24. 13–24 Cross–Functional Product Development Teams Facilitate integration of activities associated with different organizational functions.Facilitate integration of activities associated with different organizational functions.  Design, manufacturing, marketing, etc. New product development processes can be completed more quickly.New product development processes can be completed more quickly.  Products can be more easily commercialized when cross- functional teams work effectively. Cross-functional Product Development Team

25. 13–25 Barriers to Cross-Functional Teams Effectiveness Different orientations and perceptionsDifferent orientations and perceptions  Individuals from separate functions have different orientations on issues. Create differing approaches to product development activities.Create differing approaches to product development activities. Organizational PoliticsOrganizational Politics  Cause aggressive competition for resources among different organizational functions. Organizations must achieve cross-functional integration with minimal political conflict.Organizations must achieve cross-functional integration with minimal political conflict.

26. 13–26 Facilitating Integration and Innovation Shared ValuesShared Values  Are framed around the firm’s strategic intent and mission.  Become the glue that promotes integration between functional units. Effective Leadership Team that sets goals and allocates resources in a transparent and consistent wayEffective Leadership Team that sets goals and allocates resources in a transparent and consistent way Effective CommunicationEffective Communication

27. 13–27 Other Innovation Strategies

28. 13–28 Cooperative Strategies for Entrepreneurship and Innovation Cooperation and integration of knowledge and resources is required to successfully commercialize inventions.Cooperation and integration of knowledge and resources is required to successfully commercialize inventions.  Entrepreneurial firms need investment capital and distribution capabilities.  Established companies need the technological knowledge possessed by entrepreneurial firms. Firms innovate through the sharing their knowledge and skills in a cooperative relationship.Firms innovate through the sharing their knowledge and skills in a cooperative relationship.

29. 13–29 Acquisitions to Buy Innovation AcquisitionsAcquisitions  Can rapidly extend the product line.  Can quickly increase the firm’s revenues. Key risks of acquisitionsKey risks of acquisitions  The firm may substitute the ability to buy innovations for an ability to produce innovations internally.  The firm may lose intensity in R&D efforts.  The firm may lose its ability to produce patents.

30. 13–30 Wrap-up

31. 13–31 Creating Value through Strategic Entrepreneurship Be effective in identifying opportunities.Be effective in identifying opportunities. Be flexible and willing to take risks.Be flexible and willing to take risks. Have sufficient resources and capabilities to exploit identified opportunities.Have sufficient resources and capabilities to exploit identified opportunities. Sustain a competitive advantage while identifying and exploiting opportunities.Sustain a competitive advantage while identifying and exploiting opportunities. Develop an entrepreneurial mind-set among managers and employees.Develop an entrepreneurial mind-set among managers and employees. Seek to enter and compete in international markets.Seek to enter and compete in international markets.

32. 13–32 Wrap-up Strategic EntrepreneurshipStrategic Entrepreneurship  Definitions  Funding Sources  International Entrepreneurship Innovation ProcessInnovation Process Model of Internal Corporate VenturingModel of Internal Corporate Venturing Implementing Internal InnovationsImplementing Internal Innovations Other Innovation StrategiesOther Innovation Strategies QuestionsQuestions