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Chapter 5 Individual Differences
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Self-Concept Your understanding of yourself Cognitions – thoughts Self esteem, self efficacy, & self monitoring
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Esteem – Efficacy Distinction Self esteem – overall evaluation of self Self efficacy – belief in your ability to do something specific
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Effects of High Self-Efficacy Prior Experience Sources of Self- Efficacy Beliefs FeedbackBehavioral PatternsResults High “I know I can do this job” Self-efficacy beliefs Success Be active—select best opportunities Manage the situation— avoid or neutralize obstacles Set goals—establish standards Plan, prepare, practice Try hard: persevere Creatively solve problems Learn from setbacks Visualize success Limit Stress Behavior Models Persuasion from Others Assessment of physical/ emotional state 5-4
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Effects of Low Self-Efficacy Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs FeedbackBehavioral Patterns Results Self-efficacy beliefs Be passive Avoid difficult tasks Develop weak aspirations and low commitment Focus on personal deficiencies Don’t even try—make a weak effort Quit or become discouraged because of setbacks Blame setbacks on lack of ability or bad luck Worry, experience stress, become depressed Think of excuses for failing Low “I don’t think I can get the job done” Failure Prior Experience Behavior Models Persuasion from Others Assessment of physical/ emotional state 5-5
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Self Monitoring Extent to which one is aware of their own self- expressive behavior & changes it for their audience Self monitoring related to career success, promotions, getting a mentor Too high or too low – both problematic
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Personality Enduring characteristics that influence how you think, feel, and behave. – Unique nature of a person Personality impacts behavior – How resources are managed
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Big Five Personality Traits
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Extraversion Tendency to experience positive emotions, moods, and feelings Extraverts – outgoing, talkative, sociable Introverts – less interested in social interactions, shy
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Emotional Stability Tendency to experience negative emotions, moods, and be critical of oneself. Unstable – Feel angry, dissatisfied, nervous, neurotic Stable – Less pessimistic and critical, stable, confident
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Agreeableness Tendency to get along well with others High agreeableness – Likable, caring, pleasant to be around, warm Low Agreeableness – Distrustful, uncooperative, antagonistic, independent, cold, rude
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Conscientiousness Tendency to be careful & scrupulous High Conscientiousness – Organized, self-disciplined, on time Low Conscientiousness – Spontaneous, fun-loving, experimental
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Openness to Experience Tendency to be original, have broad interests, take risks High Openness – Take risks, be innovative, curious Low Openness – Conservative, practical, unimaginative
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More about personality Proactive personality – Unconstrained by the situation – Effects environmental change – Internal/external locus of control Personality testing in selection (2 main problems) – Adverse impact – Easy to fake
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Contributors to Performance Ability Skill Performance Effort 5-15
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Abilities (Intelligence) and Performance Ability – broad and stable characteristic responsible for maximum performance on mental and physical tasks Skill – Specific capacity to manipulate physical objects
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Sleep and Abilities Not enough sleep leads to: – Less effective decision making, more stress, not as healthy, don’t learn as well 24 hours awake is equal to blood alcohol level of 0.1. 20 minute nap between 1PM & 3PM
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Intelligence Capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving – Genetically predetermined & environmentally influenced Spearman’s model – General mental ability (needed for all tasks) – Task specific ability Intelligence-related predictors of job performance: – Numerical ability – Spatial ability – Inductive reasoning
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Positive and Negative Emotions Happiness /Joy Pride Love/ affection Relief Anger Fright/ anxiety Guilt/ shame Sadness Envy/ jealousy Disgust Negative Emotions (goal incongruent) Positive Emotions (goal congruent) 5-19
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Emotional Intelligence Self-Awareness Self-Management Social Awareness Relationship Management
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More about emotions Emotions are contagious Emotional Labor – Detrimental to employee’s physical and psychological health Gender differences – No difference in felt emotions – Females are more emotionally expressive
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Paving the Road to Success Striving for success by developing one’s self- efficacy, optimism, hope, and resiliency Psychological Capital A demanding, repetitive, and assisted program to improve one’s performance Deliberate Practice Lucky people make their own good fortune Luck A realistic assessment of one’s own contribution and the recognition of the contribution of others and luck to one’s success Humility 5-22
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