1. BOND MARKETS CHARACTERISTICS yields coupon maturity tax features liquidity risk ratings callability indenture restrictions subordination convertability

2. MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS - LIQUID ASSETS Also called “cash” assets T-bills Commercial Paper Bankers Acceptances Eurodollar deposit short term tax-exempts money market funds and accounts (check writing - insured)

3. BONDS AND NOTES Bonds 5-40 years maturity Notes 1-7 years maturity Types include treasury, corporate, gov. agency, municipal. Look at quotes - see websites – Investinginbonds.com, Tradebonds.com, Bonds-online.com

4. YIELD SPREADS Y n = Y r + I + P where Y n is the nominal yield, Y r is the real yield - yield on U.S. Treasury inflation-indexed bonds (see WSJ), I is the expected inflation rate over the life of the bond - regular Treasury yield minus inflation-indexed yield, P is the risk premium - bond yield minus same maturity U.S. Treasury yield. P widens during recession and narrows in expansion. It can be measured by the difference (spread) between the yield on a risky bond and a risk-free bond (U.S. Treasury).

5. Spreads Due to Inflation Note: The terms “yields” and “rates” (like interest rates) are used interchangeably.

6. ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE BONDS Economic significance (cyclicality) of company & industry/ quality of management/ performance in recession - e.g. Chrysler wants cash cushion. Financial resources of the company (liquidity, asset protection, capital structure). Indenture provisions include collateral / sinking fund / call provisions / creation of additional debt / working capital & dividend restriction Ratings - below Baa or BBB not investment quality SPREADS DATA – economagic.com, riskmetrics.com

7. Spreads Due to Risk Differences

8. Mortgage Yield Spread

9. ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL BONDS General Obligations Rating Economic Strength of Community Revenue Raising Potential Relative Magnitude of fixed charges Attitude and Fiscal discipline of Officials Revenue Bonds analyze financial prospects of the project supporting payment only revenues support payments

10. TAX EXEMPT YIELDS -STATE & LOCAL QUESTION: How do you know if its best to buy tax exempt or taxable bonds? Y T = Taxable yield Y TE = Tax exempt yield T = Tax rate Y TE = Y T (1 - T) or,Y T = Y TE / (1 - T) => T = 1 - (Y TE / Y T ) If we know Y TE and Y T we can estimate the "indifferent" T - implicit marginal buyer's tax rate

11. If your personal tax rate is T p then your after tax yield on a taxable bond is Y AT = Y T (1 - T p ) Therefore, if your T p >T, then buy Tax Exempt Bond (only approximate for bonds trading above or below par because capital gains are taxable) QUESTION: If the taxable bond yield is 8 percent, the tax exempt yield is 6 percent and your tax rate is 30 percent, which bonds should you buy?

12. ANS: Y AT =.08(1 -.30) =.056 =>buy tax exempts QUESTION: Investor expects a Democrat to win the presidential election- expect tax rates will rise - what should happen to municipal yields? - fall QUESTION: What happens if we get a flat tax at 17%? - taxable yields fall and tax exempts rise

14. COLLATERALIZED OBLIGATIONS mortgage car loans credit card debt David Bowie royalties

15. BOND VALUATION AND YIELDS PROMISED YIELD TO MATURITY assumes bond held to maturity assumes coupons reinvested at YTM rate. Find k given bond price, B n, coupons, C, maturity, n, and par value, Par. if all payments are made we get the promised yield, k, if we pay price B n. Otherwise, we need to substitute the expected coupon and par payment rather than the promised payments and then find k.

16. BOND PRICING Find and estimate of B n given expected coupons and Par, E(C) and E(Par), and k. QUESTION: What happens if k increases? B decreases What happens if k decreases? B increases

17. REALIZED YIELD - CALCULATED AFTER THE FACT Assume you sell after 2 periods - find k in B p = Purchase Price B s = Sales Price This assumes coupons reinvested at k CURRENT YIELD

18. BOND VALUATION = Coupon[PVA k,n ] + Par[PV k,n ] To get the bond price you can use a financial calculator or you can compute a present value annuity factor And a present value factor for one cash flow And plug them into the formula above

19. Using the equation above PROBLEM: Suppose a bond offers a 10% coupon, on $1000 par, for 3 years and the expected inflation rate is 2%, the real rate is 3% and the bond’s risk premium is 1%. What is its price? B = 100[PVA.06, 3 ] + 1000[PV.06, 3 ] = 100(2.673) + 1000(.84) = 1107

21. QUESTION: If the company only agrees to pay $1000 at maturity, won’t those who buy this bond lose $107 at maturity? QUESTION: Would you buy this bond? Why? - greater coupon than par bonds.

22. A par bond would cost $1000 but only pay a $60 coupon. The present value of the difference in coupons (100 - 60)(2.673) = 107 which is the difference in price between this bond and a par bond. Alternatively, a bond that offered a 2% coupon when rates are 6% will have a price of B = 20[PVA.06, 3 ] + 1000[PV.06, 3 ] = 893 or $107 less than the par bond.

23. FINDING THE YIELD TO MATURITY PROBLEM: Suppose you observe a bond in the market with a price of $803 that pays a coupon of 10% till maturity in 5 years. What is its implied yield to maturity? Try 16% 803= 100(PVA ?,5 ) + 1000(PV ?,5 ) = 100(3.274) + 1000(.476) = 803

24. PRICING WITH SEMI-ANNUAL COUPONS PROBLEM: Suppose a bond pays 10% coupon, semi- annually, has 10 years till maturity and has a required return (or YTM) of 8%. What is its price? B= 50(PVA.04,20 ) + 1000(PV.04,20 ) = 50(13.59) + 1000(.456) = 1135.5

25. FINDING THE REALIZED YIELD QUESTION: If you buy a 20% coupon, par bond, with 3 years maturity and you hold it for three years are you sure to earn 20%? ANSWER: No because the calculation of YTM assumes that the coupons are reinvested at 20%, if rates change your realized yield will change because you'll earn more or less than 20% on the reinvested coupons. For example, when you bought the bond YTM was 20%. But suppose rates fell to 5% the day after you bought and stay there for three years.

26. Your realized yield will be implied in:. use PV = FV[PV k,n ] = FV[1/(1+k)] n. Solve for k to get “realized” yield, the true yield which depends upon how much you initially invest (PV = present value) and how much you accumulate by the time that you sell in the future (FV = future value). 1000 = (200(1+.05) 2 + 200(1+.05) + 1200)[PV k,3 ] = 1630.5[PV k,3 ] => 1000/1630.5 = [PV k,3 ] = [1/(1+k)] 3 =.6133 => k = 17.7% realized yield falls because reinvestment rate falls

28. QUESTION: Then how can you truly lock-in a rate? ANSWER: Buy a bond with no coupons - called zero coupon bonds. QUESTION: Some find this attractive but is there a problem with being locked-in? ANSWER: Yes. How about if rates rise. You lose out on earning extra interest on reinvested coupons.

29. QUESTION: Suppose you are asked to value a zero coupon bond. How do you set it up? ANSWER: Only use the second term in the valuation formula given above. QUESTION: Which bonds will appreciate assuming capital gains tax is reduced? ANSWER:Discount bonds.