1. Optimal well-temperaments polansky 8/11/09

2. Talk based on article: “A Mathematical Model for Optimal Tuning Systems” Forthcoming in Perspectives of New Music Co-authored with Dan Rockmore, Kimo Johnson, Douglas Repetto, and Wei Pan

3. tuning systems Rational, naturalist, evolutionary, cognitive, experimental, logical, or acoustical motivations (harmonic series, simple integer relationships…) Multiplicity (extended rational tunings, large number equal temperaments) approximation (optimal small number equal, mean-tone, well- temperaments) Non-”pitch fundamental” based Stylistic (keys, modulation, interval hegemonies, harmony, melody, modes, formal uses of pitch) Extra-musical: Spiritual, visionary, allegorical, metaphorical, mystical, pharmacological, chimerical Extra-musical: Historical, social, economic, political concerns Practicality Whimsy Whatever…

4. Like…. Historical: well-temperaments, just, meantone, equal-temperaments (Harrison) Extended rational systems: Partch, Tenney, Johnston, Wilson, … Multiple equal-divisions: Fokker, Sims, Vïshnegradsky, Carillo, Darreg, Ives, … Harmonic series based: Cowell, Tenney, … New Scales and Logical systems: Wilson, Chalmers, … Detuned systems: Balinese, Sonic Youth, … “world music”: Harrison… Who knows: slendro Adaptive, real-time, paratactical, free-style (Harrison), intelligent

5. Paratactical or “adaptive” or free-style intonation

6. Arion’s leap

7. “scales” in Arion’s Leap Ya chengs 3-part chord with the intervals 7/6 and 4/3, tuned as A-C-D (4/3, 14/9, 16/9), transposed up 25 /24, 16/15, 6/5, down 25/24. Troubadour Harp Adds Eb (50/27), Bb (25/18), G (32/27) to the total fabric E EE FF FF#F#AbAbA BbBb BbBb BB B C#  C#D D#  D# 0202211218233749852061068072985888499610401108 1/12048/ 2025 40/ 39 16/ 15 10/9243 /200 4/327/ 20 64/ 45 40/ 27 32/ 21 64 /339 5/316/ 9 640 /351 256/135 Metal Strung Harp

8. Catherine Lamb: Frame for Flute (March, 2009) (excerpt)

9. tyvarb (B ’ rey ’ sheet) (in the beginning... ) (Cantillation Study #1) (1985; revised 1987, 1989) for voice and live computer Jody Diamond, voice Larry Polansky and Phil Burk, live computer systems from The Theory of Impossible Melody New World Records, 2009 (reissue of Artifact CD, #4, 1991)

10. Five Constraints (informally) Tuning systems through history and across cultures have used a set of complex compromises to account for some or all of the following constraints: 1.Pitch set : use of a fixed number of pitches (and consequently, a fixed number of intervals); 2.Repeat factor: use of a modulus, or repeat factor for scales, and for the tuning system itself (i.e., something like an octave); 3.Intervals: an idea or set of ideas of correct or ideal intervals, in terms of frequency relationships; 4.Hierarchy: a hierarchy of importance for the accuracy of those intervals in the system; 5.Key: a higher-level hierarchy of the relative importance of the “in- tuneness” of specific scales or modes begun at various pitches in the system.

11. hypotheses Most tuning systems attempt to resolve some or all of these five constraints.

12. Rationally based tuning systems collision of primes “historical tuning problem” – (p n ≠ q m for distinct primes p and q (and n, m > 0 )) “Canidae” interval (LP)

13. Simple Example: Pythagorean comma and the historical tuning problem (only two primes: 3, 2)

14. review: just intonation 1/19/85/44/33/25/315/8 2/1 CDEFGAB C 0204¢386¢498¢702¢88¢1088¢1200¢ A standard just diatonic scale (primes 2, 3, 5)

15. 1/2 – matrix for just diatonic scale Diagonals are same “intervals,” but are tuned variously.The top row might be considered as a kind of “ideal,” but the intervals in that row are not exactly propagated thru the matrix. C (1/1)D (9/8) E (5/4)F (4/3)G (3/2) A (5/3) B (15/8) C (2/1) C9/85/44/3 3/2 5/315/82/1 D10/932/274/3 40/27 35/1816/9 E16/156/54/3 3/2 8/5 F9/85/445/32 3/2 G10/95/44/3 A9/86/5 B16/15

16. CC#DEbEFF#GG#ABbBC C9019229439049858869679288899610921200 C#10220430040849860670279890610021110 D1021983063965046006968049001008 Eb96204294402498594702798906 E108198306402498606702810 F90198294390498594702 F#108204300408504612 G96192300396504 G#96204300408 A108204312 Bb96204 B108 W3 1/2 – Matrix W3 is top row. ”keys” correspond to rows

17. Error Matrix for W3 (M3, P4, P5 only) CC#DD#EFF#GG#ABbBC C 406 C# 2200 D 1060 D# 1600 E 00 F 400 F# 0226 G 6106 G# 0022 A 1660 Bb 1000 B 1606

18. W3 Error Distribution Major Triads by “key” Error distribution for W3 (in cents, from one specific set of ideal intervals) can be seen, showing an almost symmetrical increase (via the circle of 5 th s) around the central or “best” key of F. Key CC#DEbEFF#GG#ABbB M3 4221016 4221022161016 P4 006000660600 P5 606000000006 Error 1022 16 4281622 1022

19. Ideal Tuning An ideal tuning would be one in which the i,j entry only depends on |i-j| — each entry of the matrix is equal to an ideal interval. In the ideal interval matrix, diagonal values are constant and equal to the ideal interval. The ideal interval matrix is equivalent to the interval matrix only in ET. The entries of the error matrix of a tuning system are the differences between the entries of the interval matrix and the respective entries in the ideal interval matrix.

20. Formal Definition of Constraints 1.Pitch set: let a 1, … a n be a set of n pitches, none equal to 0. 2.Repeat factor: let  > a n be the repeat factor of the tuning system. 3.Intervals: let I 1, … I n represent the ideal intervals. 4.Hierarchy: let i 1, …, i n be interval weights used to represent the desired accuracy of the n intervals in the tuning system. 5.Key: let k 0, …, k n be key weights used to represent the fixed pitches in the tuning system from which intervals are measured.

21. Least squares formulation of optimization — where M is the interval matrix, and L is the ideal interval matrix (unweighted version) (weighted version) — where W is the weight matrix (the product of key and interval weights), or: (Note: Other norms are possible, as in the L1 norm, used in our GA solution).

22. Two historic: W3 and Young 2 Two synthetic: OWT1 and OWT2 All four are minimally “mean-tempered” by Rasch’s measure. That is, they are equivalent to 12TET in terms of the mean consonance of major triads. Four Optimal Temperaments (with minimal “mean-tempering”)

23. Comparison of four optimal scales by Rasch “mean temperament” measure

24. Two “septimal” optimal temperaments Septimal OWT1 Septimal OWT2 Intervals such as 267 and 969 are septimal (7/6, 7/4)

25. Sound examples of synthetic and historical well- temperaments Bach WTC in different optimal temperaments For more information http://eamusic.dartmouth.edu/~larry/owt/index.html For real-time software (written by Wei Pan) http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~pway/owt/index.html (Thanks to Ron Nagorcka for making these examples)

26. Jogyakarta gamelan statistics (Gadjah Madah study)

27. Solo (Surakarta) gamelan statistics (Gadjah Madah study)

28. Mean and ranges of adjacent slendro intervals Gadjah Madah study Note: Slendro is numbered 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 1’ There is no 4.

29. Slendro Pilot Experiment 1 Procedure: Generate a set of new scales, some stretched, some non-stretched, with only two ideal intervals specified (3/2, 8/7) (all others weighted to zero). Fit those scales to the 27 GM scales, record average error. Next generate 27 random slendros with overall mean and variance matching the GM scales The two best fits for the randomly generated scales were significantly worse than the two best GM scales (1/1 = 4.10; 1/3 = 6.22, both unstretched). That is, there is some structure in the optimally generated scales that in some way reflects the structure of this dataset.

30. Statistics of GM gamelan by city The maximum and minimum ranges of intervals in Solo and Jogya are {52, 36} and {38, 21}. The variation in GM Jogya tunings is “flatter” than Solo (especially around the “middle” of the scale).

31. Slendro Pilot Experiment 2 Average fitting error for GM study gamelans, using fixed ideal intervals and varying key weights. “3x” means that the “key” on the specified pitch was set 3x higher than all the others (which were equal). The last line of the table sets all weights equal, except for the key based on pitch 3, which is set to 0.

32. What does this mean? Sindusawarno uniquely excludes pitch 6 as an important note (either first, second or third) from any of the three pathets. The results of this pilot experiment (2) may suggest that since pitch 6 is in some respects the least important in terms of pathet identification, giving it an unusually large value magnifies some tendency in city-specific tuning systems. However, it might also indicate that a high key weight on pitch 6 “ makes no sense ” in any slendro, and generates in general, much larger fitting errors.

33. Future Directions 1) Further exploration of the parameter space. Given a specified tuning, set of ideal ratios and repeat factor, there is not necessarily a unique set of corresponding weightings. What is the geometry of that space? 2) Constraint-based system. Adding or modifying constraints may affect the mathematical solution(s) considerably, as well as the geometry of the weighting space discussed above. For example, a particular form of design caprice might be incorporated, that of desiring one particular interval in one particular key to be “ just so. ” 3) Multiple Interval Representations: the possibility of having more than one ideal interval for a given position, such as the familiar situation of using either 81/64 or 5/4 for the M3 rd.The framework might also be extended to facilitate the choice of several weighted alternatives for certain ideal intervals, such as the variant 2nd in the Just Diatonic scale.

34. acknowledgements Thanks to Tim Polashek, Chris Langmead, Jody Diamond, Peter Kostelec and Dennis Healy for valuable advice in this project