1. Richard, Rochelle, Zohal, Angie
The Age of Genomics
Richard, Rochelle, Zohal, Angie

2. Genomics
Geneticist H. Winkler created the term genome by mixing the words gene and chromosome
It is a term that describes the complete set of chromosomes and all the genes
Genomics is the study of genomes. It came about in 1986, credited to T.H. Roderick

3. Positional Cloning Technique using a single gene
Examine a particular trait
Compare with genes of affected relatives
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) or sequence variations are compared
Sequencing went from one trait to the entire genome

4. Human Genome Project Main Goals Identify all the genes in human DNA
Determine the sequences of the chemical base pairs that make up the human DNA

5. History of the Human Genome Project
Proposed in 1985
After many debates it finally starts in 1990
Completed in 2003
Human Genome Project updates

6. Huntington’s Disease Discovered through HGP
HD Gene was found on Chromosome 4
Death comes in years of diagnosis

7. Deriving a DNA Sequence

8. Two Routes to the Human Genome Sequence

9. DNA Sequencing
Sequencing: Shotgunned into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes
Assembly: Alignment of DNA fragments is accomplished through recognizing sequence overlaps.
Annotation: Computer software searches evidence to locate a particular protein encoding gene; Other databases helps to search for similarities for the current analyzed DNA to identify its gene functions
Gene expression profiles and proteomics: End result, the DNA microarrays creates expression profiles

10. DNA Sequencing Separating the Sequencing Products:
Electrophoresis is a sequencing process in which DNA can be separated
The sequencing machine creates an electric field; then DNA moves through gel that acts like a sieve.
Smaller DNA goes through the porous gel faster than larger DNA
Reading the Sequencing Products:
As DNA fragments drops through the ends of the test tube, laser reads through the fluorescent dye
Computer will store and record each drops of fluorescent dye into its database.

11. Comparative Genetics
Comparative Genetics is the framework to explain biodiversity and the evolutionary events that underlie it.
The first genomes that were sequenced were microbial then they were followed by mice, rats, and chimps, but the most importantly sequenced genomes were the ones which were at evolutionary crossroads. Meaning those that introduced a new trait or were the last to have an old one.

12. Pictogram
Comparing the DNA nucleotide base sequences of genomes and their regions help us to better understand their evolution.
A pictogram indicates management of sequences.
When using a pictogram genomes from different species can be compared with one another.
The large letters mean that all four species have the same base at that site and if four letters appear on the same column then the species are different.

13. Comparative Genomics
Overall, comparative genomics is understanding species and their connection with evolution.
Each species is compared to another and its evolutionary status, which then researchers can obtain more information and maybe find conclusions about the species.
The main goal is to obtain a genetic barcode for all species so they can be easily identified and understood.
Examples of genomes which are organized according to increasing evolutionary closeness to humans.

14. Into the Future
The future of genetics is a broad and eclectic field. The study of the human genome is giving rise to many different aspects of our lives.
Developing new medicines that work with individuals
Finding and possibly curing diseases
Tracing history and populations to find our roots
Developing better agriculture products
The sky is the limit
Some applications of human genome information

15. The Future of Genomics Zymogenetics Seattle Genetics
Seattle has 2 genetic research labs working on DNA sequencing to help with the development of therapeutic drugs among other projects.
Zymogenetics
Seattle Genetics

16. Resources
OMIM, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Retrieved March 3, 2008 from
Online Education Kit: Understanding the Human Genome Project National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved March 3, 2008 from
About the Human Genome Project Human Genome Project Information Retrieved March 3, 2008 from
Zymogenetics Retrieved March 4, 2008 from