1. Fire in the news

2. Daily Statisti cs 7/10/02 Year-to-Date Statistics 1/1/02 - 7/10/02 Num ber of New Larg e Fires 3 Num ber of Fires 46,062 Num ber of Activ e Larg e Fires 2010-Year Average46,821 Acre s from Activ e Fires 427,1 10 Num ber of Acre s 3,162,24 9 Fires Cont aine d Yest erda y 410-Year Average1,414,30 5 Daily Statisti cs 7/10/02 Year-to-Date Statistics 1/1/02 - 7/10/02 Num ber of New Larg e Fires 3 Num ber of Fires 46,062 Num ber of Activ e Larg e Fires 2010-Year Average46,821 Acre s from Activ e Fires 427,1 10 Num ber of Acre s 3,162,24 9 Fires Cont aine d Yest erda y 410-Year Average1,414,30 5 The 2002 fire season How does it compare? Number of fires 67,128 10-year average 106,400 Total year 2000 122,827 Area burned (ha) 2,681,217 10-year average 1,666,672 Total year 2000 3,437,648 National Interagency Fire Center data, 28 October 2002)

3. Heard at recent meetings “Forests in the West are out of balance.” “A century of fire suppression has destroyed the ecological resilience of forests.” “Fuels have accumulated to catastrophic proportions.” “We need to reintroduce fire to maintain healthy forests.” “We need to thin our forests to restore their health and reduce fire hazard.” “Management should focus on bringing forests back to a natural fire regime.”

5. Traditional perspective: pyrophobia Revisionist perspective: pyrophilia

6. Current conditionsTarget conditions

7. Burning Thinning

9. From Allen et al. (2001) Reconstruction of fire occurrence

10. Tools for reducing fire hazard Mechanical thinningPrescribed burning

11. DO FUEL TREATMENTS REDUCE THE RISK OF CROWN FIRE? 5% of fires burn 95% of the area Few data that quantify how fuel treatments alter fire behavior Few guidelines on kinds and level of fuel reduction needed to reduce crown fire under severe fire weather

12. Assumptions about fire and fuels “Historic data show that wildfires are getting larger and becoming more intense.” – Forest Service Southwest Region web site Assumption 1: Fires are larger and more severe than prior to the 20th century Assumption 2: The size and intensity of wildfires are controlled by fuel accumulations

13. Wildland Fires in the United States 1920 - 2000 Source: National Interagency Fire Center database

14. What causes large and severe fires?

15. Influence of climatic variability on fire Large fires in the Canadian Rockies are caused by high pressure blocking systems (Johnson & Wowchuck 1993) Forest fire behavior is determined primarily by weather variation among years rather than fuel variation associated with stand age (Bessie & Johnson 1995) Regional increases in wildfire extent in the Pacific Northwest are associated with the formation of a high-pressure blocking ridge over western North America throughout the fire season (Gedalof et al., in prep.)

18. Rapid fire spread and crown fire behavior occur during severe fire weather conditions Hayman Creek Fire Temperature 32-38 C Relative humidity 10-20% Winds 50+ kph Embers carried 5 km

19. Managing fire and fuels is mostly a sociocultural challenge Federal fire suppression cost in 2000 = $1.3 billion ($500 per ha burned)

20. Colorado wildland- urban interface

21. Rocky Mountain News Towns in harm’s way grew in 90’s Increase put people in danger from Hayman Fire By Burt Hubbard, News Staff Writer June 13, 2002 The foothills communities most threatened by the Hayman Fire were growing faster than most of Colorado in the 1990’s, putting thousands more people in harm’s way. The areas facing evacuation from the Hayman Fire added about 7,000 residents and 3,000 homes during the decade. And the area became home to more year-round residents as the percentage of seasonal housing fell, according to the U.S. Census data.

22. The restoration task Fire condition class – fire regime GREEN = Near historical range YELLOW = Moderately altered RED = Significantly altered

23. What is the historical context for restoration? vs. Does it matter?

24. Making decisions: Which values do we want to protect? Houses and structures Timber Water quality Air quality Wildlife Recreation (Or maybe we just like open forests)

25. Many constraints to effective fuel treatments Need lots of tree removal Lack of markets for small wood EIS, EA and other review Litigation Risk of escaped fire Scheduling (~20-year cycle)

26. Additional constraints Air quality People don’t like smoke Regulatory issues Carbon emissions Emissions from burning Wood processing waste

27. Can Smokey coexist with the friendly flame?

28. A rational approach to fire management and fuel reduction: Focus on the wildland-urban interface Benefits Focus fuel treatment area Protect high economic value Reduce liability Reduce fire suppression cost Respond to political concern Create defensible zones

29. Urban and exurban firebreaks “Only ewes can prevent forest fire”

30. How do we manage fuels at large spatial scales? Wilderness NO TREATMENT Private land NO FUELS Multiple values LOW TREATMENT Interface MOD. TREATMENT Firebreak

31. Toward science-based fire management and policy Develop guidelines that quantify the effects of fuel treatments on fire behavior Integrate scientific information and human values (ecological + cultural restoration) Develop a rational economic approach Educate the public on living with fire