1. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 New Radio Telescopes Geoff Bower

2. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 State of the Art 27 antennas –25 m in diameter –D_eff ~ 130m 400 cm to 0.7 cm wavelength 1- 35 km baselines Resolution: 9 arcmin to 40 milliarcsec Very Large Array

3. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 State of the Art 10 antennas 25 m in diameter 90 cm --- 0.7 cm Baselines 100 km --- 8000 km Resolution: 20 to 0.2 milliarcsec Very Long Baseline Array

4. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 Evolutionary Deadends

5. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 NaD(NaD^2) ^2 (NaD)^2 VLA27252e85e5 ATA35062e84e6 GBT11001e81e4 Arecibo12002e94e4

6. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007

7. Key Characteristics of Next Generation Telescopes Greater sensitivity More complete image sampling Broader wavelength coverage Rapid survey speed Multi-user capability Large N, Small Diameter LNSD

8. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 Cost Optimization 6.1 m Cost ~ D^2.7

9. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 The Radio Revolution

10. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 Allen Telescope Array

11. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007

12. Allen Telescope Array Large N design –350 x 6.1m antennas –Sensitivity of the VLA –Unprecedented imaging capabilities Continuous frequency coverage –0.5 to 11.2 GHz Wide field of view –3.5 degrees at 1 GHz –Excellent survey instrument: 17x FOV of VLA Compact Configuration –1 arcmin at 1.4 GHz (350), 1 arcmin at 5 GHz (42) Simultaneous observing with multiple backends –Correlator: 2 x 100 MHz x full Stokes x 1024 channels –Phased array beams: 32 indepent at 4 frequencies Joint project of UC Berkeley/SETI Inst. Privately funded construction –$26M from PGAF and others –NSF support for correlator & operations ($2.2M) –USNO support for construction ($3M)

13. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 ATA Log-Periodic Feed T receiver ~35 K T LNA ~10 K LNAs from Weinreb & Wadefalk Feed by Welch & Engargiola

14. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 The Antenna 6.1-m offset Gregorian Low diffractive spillover ~1% at all elevations Surface rms ~ 1mm Works to 25 GHz

15. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 Antenna Configuration 1 km Sidelobes less than 1%

16. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007

17. ATA-42 Operational Soon Movie 3x real time 4 deg/sec in azimuth, 2 deg/sec in elevation

18. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 Andromeda in a Single Pointing 7 antennas 2 nights

19. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 ATA Science SETI –GC survey: 20 sq. deg, 1.4- 1.7 GHz, 6 months –10 6 stars over 1-10 GHz Arecibo radar detectable at 300 pc –Simultaneous with correlator Extragalactic HI survey –Neutral gas SDSS equivalent –L* at z=0.1 over the entire sky Galactic magnetic fields, HI, long- chain molecules Pulsars Radio continuum science –All sky surveys –Transients (1 msec  1 year) Robishaw, Simon & Blitz 2002 LGS 3

20. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 The EVLA Upgrade of the VLA Bandwidth –100 MHz  8 GHz Correlator –256 channels  256k Continuous frequency coverage –1.0 to 50 GHz

21. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 EVLA Phase I - Key Science Examples Measuring the three-dimensional structure of the Sun's magnetic field Mapping the changing structure of the dynamic heliosphere Measuring the rotation speed of asteroids Observing ambipolar diffusion and thermal jet motions in young stellar objects Measuring three-dimensional motions of ionized gas and stars in the center of the Galaxy Mapping the magnetic fields in individual galaxy clusters Conducting unbiased searches for redshifted atomic and molecular absorption Looking through the enshrouding dust to image the formation of high- redshift galaxies Disentangling starburst from black hole activity in the early universe Providing direct size and expansion estimates for up to 100 gamma-ray bursts every year

22. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 EVLA continuum

23. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 Mileura Wide Field Array --- Low Frequency Demonstrator

24. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 Dipole Antennas

25. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007

27. The Square Kilometer Array

28. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 LNSD Optimization Weinreb 2007

29. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 Science Goals The Cradle of Life Strong field tests of gravity using pulsars and black holes Origin and evolution of magnetism Galaxy evolution and cosmoly Dark energy

30. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 “What are the basic properties of the fundamental particles and forces?” Neutrinos, Magnetic Fields, Gravity, Gravitational Waves, Dark Energy “What constitutes the missing mass of the Universe?” Cold Dark Matter (e.g. via lensing), Dark Energy, Hot Dark Matter (neutrinos) “What is the origin of the Universe and the observed structure and how did it evolve?” Atomic hydrogen, epoch of reionization, magnetic fields, star-formation history…… “How do planetary systems form and evolve?” Movies of Planet Formation, Astrobiology, Radio flares from exo-planets…… “Has life existed elsewhere in the Universe, and does it exist elsewhere now?” SETI fundamental questions in physics and astronomy

31. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 Technical Specs 1 km^2 collecting area –D_eff ~ 1000 m Frequency coverage from 0.1 to 25 GHz Baselines of 20 m to 3000 km FOV >~ 1 sq deg –Goal of 200 sq deg at 0.7 GHz

32. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007

33. Inner core Station Reference Design Wide-angle radio camera + radio “fish-eye lens” Reference Design

34. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 1% SKA Pathfinders - proving SKA technology Radio camera: small dishes+smart feeds -SKA Design Study (Europe) -Karoo Array Telescope (South Africa) -Extended New Technology Demonstrator (Australia) -Allen Telescope Array (USA) Radio fish-eye lens: aperture array tiles -SKA Design Study (Europe) -LOFAR (Netherlands) SKADS – study of end-to-end design EC-FP6, European countries, Australia, South Africa, Canada

35. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 EVLA continuum SKA 10^6

36. The Transient Universe: AY 250 Spring 2007 2000 Site ranking ‘1% SKA’ Science ISSC MoAs Site Selection Science Case published Inter- governmental discussions First SKA Working Group Initial concept 2000 ‘10% SKA’ Science 9296 04050607080910 141822 Feasibility study Full array Build 100% SKA SKA Complete Phase 1 Build 10% SKA Concept exposition Define SKA System SKA timeline Optimise Reference Design Construct 1% SKA “pathfinders”