1. Review For Final Spring 2011

2. Network Architecture Models

3. 3 OSI Reference Model n 7 layers n Each layer communicate with its peer layer, and with layer above and below it. n Different protocols at each layer n Upper layer deal with application issues, and are implemented in software n Lower layers handle data transport issues, and are implemented in software and hardware Application Data transport

4. 4 Summary Questions 1. (a) Name the 7 layers of the OSI model, (b) Name OSI layers that deal with application issues ? (b) Name the OSI layer that deal with data transport issue ? Answer: See previous slide 2) Application programs used at the application layer of the OSI Model include word processing. T / F 3) Upper layers of the OSI Model are usually implemented in hardware devices. T / F

5. Internetworking

6. 6 Summary Questions 1. The local area network shown in Figure 8-18 (p. 261) has two hubs (X and Y) interconnecting the workstations and servers. What workstations and servers will receive a copy of a packet if the following workstations/servers transmit a message: Workstation 1 sends a message to workstation 3: Workstation 2 sends a message to Server 1: Server 1 sends a message to workstation 3: 2. Replace hub Y with a switch. Now, what workstations and servers will receive a copy of a packet if the following workstations/servers transmit a message: Workstation 1 sends a message to workstation 3: Workstation 2 sends a message to Server 1: Server 1 sends a message to workstation 3:

7. 7 Summary Questions 3. Do Internetworking Exercise 2Internetworking Exercise 2 The exercise is available in the Notes section. Check the link next to the Internetworking II ppt notes (posted on Thu 2/4)

8. Fundamentals of Data & Signals

9. 9 Summary Questions 1. Distinguish between digital and analog signals Answer: (see class notes for details if needed):  Analog: Continuous waveform, State of signal (voltage level, etc.) varies continuously among an infinite number of states  Digital: Discrete (non-continuous) waveform, State of signal remain constant during each clock-cycle, Few possible states 2. Distinguish between digital and binary transmission Answer: Digital: Few possible states (2-64 states) Binary: 2 states

10. 10 Attenuation n A signal starts at a transmitter with 10 watts of power and arrived at a receiver with 5 watts of power. Calculate the loss of power in dB. 1. dB = 10 log 10 (P2 / P1) 2. dB = 10 log 10 (5/10) 3. dB = 10 log 10 (0.5) 4. dB = 10 (-0.3) 5. dB = -3 Q: What is the decibel loss of a signal that starts at 50 watts and experiences a 10-watt loss over a given section of cable ? Q: What is the decibel loss of a signal that loses half its power during the course of transmission ?

11. 11 Frequency, Bandwidth (See Fundamentals of Data & Signals – Continued ppt notes for details if needed) Q: What is the frequency (in Hz) of a signal that repeats 80000 times within one minute ? Answer: 80000 / 60 = 1333.33 Hz Q: What is the bandwidth of a signal composed of frequencies from 50 Hz to 500 Hz ? Answer: |500 Hz – 50 Hz | = 450 Hz

12. Conducted and Wireless Media

13. 13 Summary Questions n What does cross talk interference mean ? How can crosstalk interference be reduced ? If transmission wires are placed side by side, electromagnetic radiation is emitted by one wire and picked up by the other. Twisting pair of wire reduce crosstalk interference. n What categories of twisted pair are usually used in LANs ? Categories 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 n What are the advantages and disadvantages of STP compared to UTP ? Advantage: better level of isolation from interference. Disadvantage: cost n What is the main difference between Baseband coaxial cable and Broadband coaxial cable ? Baseband transmit signals in a single channel, whereas broadband uses multiple channels. n What are the advantages of Optical fiber compared twisted pair and coaxial cable ? Speed, No significant noise, No interference, Long distance n Can you transmit video signal over twisted pair wire ? Explain Yes, you can (e.g. Digital Video Service or DVS). Noise used to be a limiting factor.

14. Local Area Networks LAN Management School of Business Eastern Illinois University

15. 15 Summary Questions n What are the four factors to take into account in deciding how many servers to use to implement a LAN’s services? Answer: Optimization, reliability, security, cost n To what two devices does a print server usually connect? Answer: To a printer via a parallel or USB cable, and to a hub/switch via UTP or other transmission media. n In print service with a print server device, where does a print job go when it leaves the client PC (not counting the hub or switch)? Answer: The print job first goes to the computer where the print queue manager program is installed, which puts it in a print queue. n Do you have to use special printers for print service? Answer: You do not need special printers, because all printers come with a parallel and/or USB port that could be used.

16. 16 Servers n Single server Versus Multiple specialized Servers – Decision based on Cost, Optimization, Reliability, and Security n Optimization: – File servers need storage capacity and rapid access – Client/Server applications need very fast processors

17. 17 Print Service n A Print Server device is basically: NIC + a parallel or USB port + Random Access Memory + Intelligence to receive data and commands from print queue manager program. n Note: Possible to connect printer directly to file server, but people might have to walk far to get their printout. Network printers have built-in NIC & print server hardware

18. 18 Summary Questions Answers are in Week8SummaryQuest.doc (Review section of course Website - Check Exam 2 Review link) Your organization has 12 employees, each with his or her own stand-alone PC running Windows 98. Each computer has a 10 Mbps NIC that could work with coaxial cable or twisted pair. a) List all the additional hardware and software you would have to buy to install a 100BaseTX LAN. Be very sure that you list all the things the organization will have to buy. The organization wishes to use electronic mail, word processing, file sharing, and print sharing with four existing printers fed with parallel ports. b) How many ports should the hub or switch have? Explain.

19. 19 Ethernet standards

20. 20 Summary Questions 1. Directory Applications has Subdirectories Databases and WordProcessings. The Network administrator assigns user Lee to the group Outer. The administrator assigns Outer the access rights R, S, and T in Directory Applications. (Don’t worry about the meaning of R, S, and T. They are simply types of rights.) The administrator assigns Outer the access rights S, U, and V in Subdirectory Databases. a) What access rights does user Lee have in Directory Applications? Explain. b) What access rights does user Lee have in Directory Databases? Explain. c) What access rights does user Lee have in Directory WordProcessings? Explain. Applications WordProcessings Databases

21. 21 Automatic Inheritance of Access Rights n Assigning rights to users or group in a directory n Rights automatically inherited in lower directories n Simplifies rights assignment Application Word ProcessingDatabase OracleQuickDB Assigned Browse And Read Rights Inherits Browse And Read Rights Inherits Browse And Read Rights

22. 22 Automatic Inheritance of Access Rights n Blocking of Inheritance – If rights explicitly assigned in subdirectory, inheritance is blocked – Only assigned rights are effective Application Word Processing Database (Browse and Execute Only) QuickDB Assigned Browse And Read Rights Inherit Browse And Read Rights Assigned Browse And Execute Rights Oracle

23. The Internet School of Business Eastern Illinois University

24. 24 The Internet Network Browser Packet Router Packet Route Webserver Software User PC (Host) Operating System TCP/IP IP Address =128.150.50.9 Webserver (Host) Operating System TCP/IP IP Address=139.67.14.54 Host name =eiu.edu

25. 25 IP address n 32-bits and Dotted Decimal Notation – IP addresses are really strings of 32 bits (1s and 0s) n 10000000101010100001000100001101 – To convert this to dotted decimal notation, first, divide them into four bytes (also called octets) n 10000000 10101010 00010001 00001101 (Both octets and bytes are collections of eight bits) – Convert each binary (Base 2) octet into decimal (Base 10)

26. 26 IP address Place Value (2 N ) BitDecimal 1281 6400 321 1600 800 400 212 111 163 Position (N) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Binary 10100011 = Decimal 163 Note: Starts with 0

27. 27 IP Address structure n Each IP Address has two main parts: n Each Organization is given the Network Part by an IP address Registrar (e.g: www.arin.net) n For Eastern Illinois University, this is 139.67 – All IP Addresses for Eastern’s computers begin with that Network Part IP Address 139.67 Network PartLocal Part American Registry for Internet Numbers Check EIU’s IP registration info

28. 28 IP Address structure n Network Parts is 8 to 24 bits long – For Eastern, it is 16 bits long – 16 bits is only an example n Local Part – Total address is 32 bits, so if the network part is 8 bits, the local part is 24 bits n Common way to refer to IP address structure: – x.x.x.x/# (where # is the number of bits in the network part) – e.g. 139.67.0.0/16 Network Part (8 to 24 bits)

29. 29 Network classes n The value of the bits in the first octet of an IP address determines the Network class Class A Class B Class C 0.x.x.x to 127.x.x.x 128.0.x.x to 191.255.x.x 192.0.0.x to 223.255.255.x ClassAddress range 0xxx 10xx 110x Leftmost bits 8 bits 16 bits 24 bits Network Part Length Place Value (2 N ) BitDecimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Position (N) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1) For each of the following IP addresses, give the class and the network bits. 10101010111110000101010100000001 01010100111110000101010100000001 2) What class does Eastern’s network belong to? (Net. Part =139.67)

30. 30 Host name n Host Names – Like nicknames n Not official addresses n Each host must have an IP address n But only some hosts have host names n If you give it a host name, your browser must look up IP address of host eiu.edu

31. 31 Domain Name System (DNS) DNS provides server’s IP addresses given their host names

32. 32 Autoconfiguration n User PCs do not need permanent IP addresses – They only need to be found within a use session – They usually are given temporary IP addresses to use on the Internet for a couple of days – The duration of temporary address is usually a few days. When the lease expired another temporary address is a given. Autoconfiguration service provides clients computers with temporary IP addresses to use for communication with other computers on the Internet.

33. 33 Autoconfiguration n Request-Response Cycle – User software requests IP address for the user PC in Autoconfiguration Request message – Autoconfiguration Response message contains temporary IP address to use in current session

34. 34 Autoconfiguration n Most popular autoconfiguration protocol is DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol – Built into Windows after Win 3.1 – Supplies host with temporary IP address n DHCP can give more information too – Usually gives IP address of a default gateway (Microsoft terminology for router) – Can give IP address of a local DNS host – Can give other information

35. 35 Summary Questions 1. a) Distinguish between IP address and host name. b) Which is the official address of a host? c) Does a server host need an IP address? d) Does your home PC need an IP address when you are on the Internet? e) Does a server host need a host name? f) Does your home PC need a host name when you are on the Internet? 2. Using the conversion system in slide #26, convert the following IP address to dotted decimal notation: 10101010 11110000 11001100 01010101. (spaces are included to facilitate reading.) 3. Using the conversion system in slide #26, convert the following dotted decimal IP address into a 32-bit IP address: 192.128.2.4

36. 36 Summary Questions 4. What are the two parts in IP addresses? 5. a) Who assigns the Network part? b) The Local part? 6. a) When do we need DNS? b) What information do you send in a DNS request message? c) What information do you receive in a DNS response message? 7. a) What is autoconfiguration? b) What information do we get back, at a minimum, in an autoconfiguration response message? c) What other information may we get back?