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Imaging with Waves
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Creating images with light camera obscuramodern imaging device
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Steering waves Magnification with 2 lenses
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Seeing small things Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
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The compound microscope
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Seeing sharper
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Modern optical microscopy
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Focusing down Airy Disk 0.61 /NA NA = nsin 22
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The diffraction limit Objects spaced apart by less than d~ /2NA cannot be resolved individually! Ernst Abbe (1840-1905)
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Imaging with the diffraction limit ObjectImageFocal spot Images can be improved by using shorter wavelengths
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CD versus DVD 7x more data on DVD because of different wavelength! 780 nm650 nm (Blu-Ray DVD uses 405 nm, 6x more data than DVD)
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UV lithography
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Superresolution
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Single molecules
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Seeing single molecules at work
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Seeing smaller things using particlesusing EM radiation of particles: Electron with v = 1.0 x 10 5 m/s:
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Electron Microscopy Resolution ~ 0.2 nm
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Electron Microscopy
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Cryo-Electron Microscopy
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Viral DNA portal protein
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What are X-rays? Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923) Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength of ~10 -10 m
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Focusing or diffracting? Bragg diffractionDiffraction pattern 2d sin = n
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X-ray crystallography
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Protein structure determination X-ray crystallography reveals electron densities
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Protein structure determination
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No longer a mystery
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DNA polymerase on the DNA backbone
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