1. Week 2: Theories of Gender Team Awesome: David Chen Dennis Wong Erika Mota Amir Khan Tara Elsey 1910 “Videophone”

2. Sex vs. Gender Sex - biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women. Gender - socially constructed roles, behaviours, and activities that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. Aspects of sex will not vary substantially between different human societies, while aspects of gender may vary greatly. Tara Elsey

3. Gender Socialization Gender socialization is the process by which individuals learn how to behave according to their gender roles. Begins immediately after birth Tara Elsey

4. How do we teach gender? Toys and games Fairy Tales Chores and expectations Role modeling Tara Elsey

5. Gender and Education Studies show that gender-bias is present in our education system o Shortchanging Girls; Shortchanging America o Girls did not receive as much attention from teachers o Boys were called upon to answer more abstract and complex questions than girls. o All too often, teachers and counselors track girls away from courses of study that lead to high-technology careers o Girls tended to have less self-esteem o A gender gap in interest in math and science increases with age Tara Elsey

6. Autumn Stanley Freedom to explore the physical environment Freedom to engage in rough-and-tumble play Effects the development of spatial-visualization ability Free time to play in general This affects women's ability to invent new things, which leads to women having less power. Tara Elsey

7. Karl Marx ’ s Classic Theory Dennis Wong

8. Karl Heinrich Marx – (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) German philosopher Dennis Wong

9. Friedrich Engels November 28, 1820 – August 5, 1895 German philosopher Dennis Wong

10. Marx and Engels first met in September 1844. Shared similar views on philosophy and on capitalism. Produced works mainly focus on communism Dennis Wong

11. Classical Marxism Mainly focuses on Alienation Class consciousness Means of production Political economy Dennis Wong

12. Social Class Marx describes several social class in capitalist societies, they are: Proletariat Landowner Bourgeoisie Dennis Wong

13. Marx ’ s view on gender role Woman's subordination cause by social relation under capitalism Gender oppression is class oppression and the relationship between man and woman in society is similar to the relations between proletariat and bourgeoise. Dennis Wong

14. Marxist feminism Although marxist feminists realized the imbalance of power between men and women, they failed to improve the issue. Some marxists counterposed Marxism against feminism, rather than trying to combine them. Dennis Wong

15. Gender roles in Eastern Europe after Communism Men and women normally both worked outside the home under Communist government Women were encouraged to mainly take a role in domestic in the post-communist market Dennis Wong

16. Results from a survey taken of European women show: 53% of these women said their relationships had become worse post- communism. 78% admitted to also knowing other families whose marital relationships became worse Dennis Wong

17. Take Over Theory Males realized their role in production Advances in horticulture Population explosion War Changes in Religion Dennis Wong

18. Women ’ s status in the society declined seriously after the raise of the take over theory Examples are men take most of the women ’ s honor of invention Women mainly focus on domestic works Dennis Wong

19. Power Ability to do or act; capability of doing or ac complishing something. The power to influence. Power almost always comes with knowledge The power struggle between men and woman will shift radically because of technology. David

20. Power (part 2) Technology advancements will shift power to women. In reality Technology will shift power to the more under privileged population by default. The main point in this shift is the power of commucation. Communication is key to advancement in almost anything. David

21. Inventive capability Inventive capability is only limited to surrounding factors of the inventor. Inventive capability is effected by educational opportunities which was deprived to women and minorities ever since history Which is why due to the advancement in civilian rights plus technologies, we have been able to get to where we are now. David

22. Inventive motive Motivation gets people to use their talents to the max Women are stripped of those motives since they normally are stripped of the credit With less of a sense of accomplishment, women traditionally are turned away from fields such as engineering, bio med, and sciences in general. David

23. Inventive Achievenment Men have reaped the benefits of their creative ideas and achievements much more and longer then their women counter part. That is mainly true because women and minorities have been oppressed and stripped of these benefits in fear of them becoming level with the average male. David

24. Question If women have equal inventive capacity with men, and were in the early days of human economic development probably the premiere technologists by virtue of their larger areas of work, why then, are there so few women inventors? David

25. The Matriarchy Perplex Addresses the question of "whether or not women were ever 'in charge' their own work, if not, an entire society." Relations between the sexes were considered to be equal. Peggy Sanday's belief: o "women's status and power relations between the sexes are best where the economic contribution of the two is approximately equal." Erika Mota

26. Shift in Power 3 Male Specializations Projectile Hunting Procreation Population Surplus Examples Consists of stones, slings, spears, & bows and arrows Realizing a male was needed for a woman to have children Created wars over irrigated land Erika Mota

27. Women Inventors Mothers and Daughters of Invention by Autumn Stanley o Proposes that women are responsible for many undocumented inventions in different fields The original U.S. patent law was passed in 1790, meaning there were many undocumented inventions created before this time. Erika Mota

28. Examples of Undocumented Inventions Food Inventions Identifying Crops, such as, grains, fruits & herbs. Digging Sticks, cultivators, hoes & early plows. Clothing Inventions Preparation of hides, weaving & sewing. Preserving, weaving, softening, bleaching & dyeing methods for animal skins. Medical Inventions Infant care and physically disabled tools & childbirth techniques. Erika Mota

29. Documented Food Processing Inventions Nancy Johnson (1843)- Hand crank ice cream freezer Emeline Hart (1876)- Commercial Oven Amanda Theodosia Jones (1873)- Vacuum canning process Mary Engle Pennington- Developed industrial process to make frozen foods succesful products. Erika Mota

30. Documented Medical Inventions Ann Pike (1760)- Anti-itch ointment Justine Wanger- Developed resuscitation techniques and cryogenic therapy to destroy cancer cells. Lillian Gilbreth (1940's)- Designed model kitchen for handicapped and the trashcan with step-on lever and the Barbie Doll. Erika Mota

31. Significance Criteria for Technological Advancements 1. Technological Impact 2. Economic Impact Author Autumn Stanley, proposes a 3rd criteria... 3.Human Impact e.g. sophisticated weapon that no one really understands vs. an improved menstrual pad that contributes to women's comfort one week, each month Erika Mota

32. Rosalind Franklin 1920 - PhD from Cambridge “World expert” in graphite and carbon compound structures DNA Sugar-phosphate backbone Double-stranded Amir Khan

33. How did she do it? Developed form of X-ray crystallography o Single-crystal x-ray diffraction o More information o Needs a large crystal Amir Khan

34. Unfairly Recognized Take-over theory o Men seem to dominate o Watson and Crick credited o Sources noted that she “served under” her lab partner/equal. o Franklin's permission not asked for o Nobel Prize Amir Khan