1. Sound files in this presentation are in …25/SOUND. Move them to.. 25/SLIDESANDDOCSS/Tones 3

2. Tones 1: on single - syllable utterances Tones 2: on single polysyllabic words Tones 3: in longer utterances

3. Tones 3 The structure of the IP 1. Nucleus and tail

4. 1.There is always one and only one nucleus in every IP. (contra Wells's account of the fall-rise tone) 2.The nucleus carries the tone

5. 1.There is always one and only one nucleus in every IP. (contra Wells's account of the fall-rise tone) 2.The nucleus carries the tone The sign that we have been using to show the nucleus up to now has been (or *). We can now take this sign to show a nucleus without detailing its tone.

6. 1.There is always one and only one nucleus in every IP. (contra Wells's account of the fall-rise tone) 2.The nucleus carries the tone 3.The tone starts on the nucleus, and carries on to the end of the IP 4.If there are stressed syllables after the nucleus, these are called the tail. 5.Thus the tone can be identified by examining the nucleus + the tail. The shape of the tail will tell you what the tone is on the nucleus.

7. 5. The tone can be identified by examining the nucleus + the tail.

8. FALL: Falls rapidly and remains low for the rest of the IP

9. 5. The tone can be identified by examining the nucleus + the tail.

10. RISE: Starts rising on the nucleus and keeps rising to the end of the IP

11. compare fall and rise:

12. 5. The tone can be identified by examining the nucleus + the tail.

13. FALL: Falls rapidly and remains low, but rises again on very last segment of the IP (here /n/).

14. Compare FALL and FALL-RISE

16. 5. The tone can be identified by examining the nucleus + the tail. Finally, RISE-FALL

17. 1 Syllable 2 syllables Nucleus and tail Fall Rise Fall-rise Rise-fall “no”“never”“The vikings are coming”

18. High and low fall and rise: in this presentation I have only discussed the high fall and the low rise Both rises and falls are very similar in shape; only their starting points are different. The high rise and the low fall have of course less movement than the low rise and the high fall.

19. We will have to look at the next presentation, on Heads, before their use becomes clear.