1. Dinoflagellates Trinidad

2. What are the conditions like in the deep sea? Physical: Biological: What are food sources for animals that live in the deep sea?

3. 200 m 0 m 1000 m 2000 m 4000 m 6000 m dysphotic photic aphotic

4. Light Penetration in the Ocean Depth in meters 50 m 100m 150 m 200 m

5. 0 m 1000 m 2000 m 4000 m 6000 m dysphotic photic aphotic What color of light will animals use?

6. Types of light production: 1.incandescence – light bulb 2.luminescence- fluorescence bulb What is the difference between these types of light? Bioluminescence: a chemical reaction

7. Give examples of organisms that are bioluminescent?

8. Evolution of Bioluminescence Fossilized bacteria 3.5 bya O 2 is toxic to some bacteria Convert O 2 to a nontoxic substance Light is a byproduct Benefit to some organisms

9. luciferase Luciferin + O 2 oxyluciferin + light Bioluminescence: Not found in freshwater organisms.

10. Bacterial Intrinsic Photobacterium

11. Photobacterium (symbiotic relationship) Achromabacteria (2 types of squid use bacteria, the rest (17) make their own) Beneckea (not associated with symbiotic relationship) Bacteria Vibrio fischeri

12. (bacterial) Light emitting organ

13. How do they get bacteria? organ open to exterior potentially continuous luminescence

14. Tunicate- Pyrosoma- bacterial symbiont (intracellular) Bacterial Symbiont

15. Squid Euprymna- squid hatches w/out bacteria; w/in hours it is infected w/natural populations of bacteria Bacterial photophores

16. Bacterial Photophores in Fish Ichthyococcus Anglerfish Pinecone fish flashlightfish ponyfish

17. Intrinsic photophores

18. Control of Bioluminescence Lid Vascular control Rotation of organ

19. What are the benefits & drawbacks of using bioluminescence?

20. Reproductive advantage Countershading Escape and avoid predation Species recognition Feeding In evolution

22. Hatchetfish

24. Some deep sea copepods are red in color. Why?

25. Malacosteus (dragonfish)

26. squids- looking for mates.

27. Some predators can lure prey by mimicking signals of prey. Other predators dangle a lure to attract prey.

31. mid-water squid releases a bioluminescent cloud to startle and confuse predators. Photoblepharon- blink and run method.

32. Duncecap or helmet jelly Periphylla periphylla

33. Bamboo coral Keratoisis flexibilis

34. Brittle Star, Ophiroidia

35. Ctenophore Dinoflagellate ostracod

36. pterapods

37. Coconut octopus Amphioctopus marginatus

38. Polychaete Tomopteris

39. Firefly squid

40. Deep sea glass squid Teuthowenia pellucida

41. Deep sea gulper Photophores on ventral surface

42. Deep sea viper fish

43. Black Devil Angler Fish lure

44. angler fish

45. Inquiry 1.Define bioluminescence. 2.Who produces bioluminescence? 3.What is the difference between intrinsic and bacterial bioluminescence? 4.What is the blink and run method? 5.What is countershading? 6.What is the evolutionary advantage of bioluminescence in bacteria?

46. 7.What color is most common and why? 8. What advantages are there to producing red light? 9. How do fish control luminescence? 10. What triggers luminescence in dinoflagellates? 11. What are luciferin and luciferase?