1. HARDWORKING KOREANS: educational & sociocultural factors 알렉산드라 Alexandra 엘리사 Elisabeth 유카 Jyka

2. CONTENT I.Introduction II.Education & Training III.Sociocultural Characteristics

3. INTRODUCTION TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY PRIOR KNOWLEDGE BASE INTENSITY OF EFFORT

4. INTRODUCTION TWO MAIN QUESTIONS: How have Koreans acquired knowledge so quickly? Why have Koreans worked so hard?

5. EDUCATION & TRAINING: key points General Education Vocational Training Tertiary Education U.S. Influence and Study Abroad

6. GENERAL EDUCATION 1. GROWTH OF GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT 1951 - 2,5% 1966 – 17%

7. GENERAL EDUCATION 2. ENROLLMENT SYSTEM HAS INCREASED RAPIDLY 1953 - 21% 1994 – 99%

8. GENERAL EDUCATION 3. UNIQUE FEATURE: expansion in all levels of education = economic development

9. GENERAL EDUCATION NUMBER OF HIGH STUDENTS 1953 – 160,000 1994 – 2 million

10. VOCATIONAL TRAINING 1.Establishment of vocational secondary school by large private firms

11. VOCATIONAL TRAINING 2. Vocational Training Laws (1966, 1974)

12. TERTIARY EDUCATION: achievements UNIVERSITY ENROLLMENT 1953 - 38,400 1994 – 1,15 million

13. TERTIARY EDUCATION: achievements ENROLLMENT AT JUNIOR COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 1953 – 3,1% 1994 – 48,8%

14. TERTIARY EDUCATION: achievements THE NUMBER OF R&D SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS 1980 - 18,434 1993 – 98,764

15. TERTIARY EDUCATION: drawbacks 1.A short-term unemployment 2.Low quality of education 3.Underinvestment at all educational levels since 1970

16. U.S. INFLUENCE AND STUDY ABROAD Key points: Military service Overseas training

17. U.S. INFLUENCE AND STUDY ABROAD The main drawback of overseas training: The refusal of overseas graduates to return home

18. U.S. INFLUENCE AND STUDY ABROAD Measures taken: Establishment of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Challenging jobs and attractive compensation packages The “Brain Pool”

19. SOCIOCULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS: KEY POINTS Neo-Confucianism Situational Factors Labor Unrest

20. NEO-CONFUCIANISM Five traditional values of Confucianism: absolute loyalty to the ruler the submission of wife to husband strict seniority in social order mutual trust in human relations filial piety and respect

21. NEO-CONFUCIANISM THE NEW CONFUCIAN ETHNICS

22. NEO-CONFUCIANISM 1.Education is of vital importance 2.Clan 3.Harmonious interpersonal relations 4.The pursuit of the highest good 5.Discipline

23. SITUATIONAL FACTORS Hardworking Koreans at the individual level: -Tenacity to endure hardship -“Han” -“Examination hell” -Korea’s physical environment -A sense of “beat Japan” -Memories of Japanese occupation

24. SITUATIONAL FACTORS Hardworking Koreans at the individual level Entrepreneurship Discipline at the organizational level Mobility & networking at the societal level Nationalism at the country level

25. LABOR UNREST 1970 - 1987 1987-1989 1989 - nowadays

26. Thank you for attention.