1. Modernization Theory: Background  Emerged in the US during the 1950s and ‘60s… 1

2. Modernization Theory: Background  Following the end of World War II 2

3. Modernization Theory: Background  Three major developments following WWII New development institutions and development emphasis Wave of newly independent countries Emergence of the Cold War and US Anti- Communism 3

4. New development institutions and development emphasis  International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) 1944  Recovery of Europe  Poor, middle- income countries  United Nations Development Program 1965  Democratic governance  Poverty reduction

5. Wave of newly independent countries Post-WWII dismantling of the European colonial empires

6. Promoting democracy and blocking spread of communism  Communist threat Czechoslovakia "fell" to the communists in 1948 Soviets closed down Berlin followed by US airlift 1949. 1949 China-Communist Vietnam, by 1947Ho Chi Minh leading communists in a civil war against France—Vietnam War Korea free from Japanese colonialism divided at 38th parallel into communist North and capitalist South. Korean War 1950-53

7. Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress  1961 Latin America 10-year, multi-billion $ foreign aid program promote economic growth and political reform long-term goal—countering Communism

8. Modernization Theory: Background  Promoting democracy and blocking spread of communism  Massive US aid across the “bamboo curtain” Taiwan (Nationalist) South Korea

9. Modernization Theory Coincided with Behavioral Revolution  Spearheaded in 1950s by advocates of more social scientific, empirical approach focusing on individual behavior not constitutional doc’s, legal texts  Lipset, Political Man, published 1960  For behavioralists interested in individual-level political behavior, survey research became the methodology of choice. 9

10. Modernization Theory: Key Elements  Individual level of analysis  Premised on common perception of Anglo-Saxon (esp’ly US) experience Wealth  education/middle class  modern values  democracy Poverty  lack of education  traditional values  authoritarianism Note dichotomy between “modern” and “traditional” 10

11. Dichotomy between modern & traditional (version 1) Modern valuesTraditional values  achievement-orientedascriptive  rule/merit-basedreliance on personal ties  activepassive  rationalnon-rational, superstitious 11

12. Modernization Theory: Lipset’s version Econ development Wealth Industrialization Urbanization Education  modern values Lipset’s stories  democracy 12

13. Modernization Theory  As you can see, We still need to explain wealth vs. poverty  Stay tuned for next week 13

14. 14 Modernization Theory: Ronald Inglehart’s Version

15. Dichotomy between modern & traditional (version 2) Civic culture attitudes Traditional attitudes  trust distrust  satisfaction low satisfaction  competence low competence 15

16. Your turn to become a behavioralist http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/