2. Introduction to C# Raimonds Rudmanis Senior Consultant Microsoft Baltic

3. Session Prerequisites  This session assumes that you understand the fundamentals of  Object oriented programming  This is a Level 200 Session

4. What Will Be Covered Today  Brief introduction to the.NET framework  C# language overview

5. Agenda  Hello World  The.NET Framework  Design Goals of C#  Language Features

6. Hello World DEMO 1: Hello World using System; class Hello { static void Main() { static void Main() { Console.WriteLine("Hello world"); Console.WriteLine("Hello world"); }}

7. Agenda  Hello World  The.NET Framework  Design Goals of C#  Language Features

8. The.NET Framework Overview Base Class Library Common Language Specification Common Language Runtime ADO.NET: Data and XML VBC++C# Visual Studio.NET ASP.NET: Web Services And Web Forms JScript… Windows forms

9. The.NET Framework Common Language Runtime Base Class Library Common Language Specification Common Language Runtime ADO.NET: Data and XML VBC++C# Visual Studio.NET ASP.NET: Web Services and Web Forms JScript… Windows Forms

10.  New Runtime Environment – Common Language Runtime  Language Interoperability  Common Classes for all Languages  Common Types for all Languages  Runtime Controls Compilation to Machine Code  Assemblies  Application Domains The.NET Framework Common Language Runtime

11.  Simplified development  XCOPY deployment  Scalability  Rich Web clients and safe Web hosting  Potentially multi-platform  Multiple languages (cross inheritance)  Increases productivity  Robust and secure execution environment

12. .NET Framework and CLR CLR Execution Model VB Source code Compiler C++C# CompilerCompiler Assembly IL Code Assembly Assembly Operating System Services Common Language Runtime JIT Compiler Native Code Managedcode UnmanagedComponent

13. The.NET Framework.NET Framework Services Base Class Library Common Language Specification Common Language Runtime ADO.NET: Data and XML VBC++C# Visual Studio.NET ASP.NET: Web Services and Web Forms JScript… Windows Forms

14. The.NET Framework.NET Framework Services  ASP.NET  Separation of code and presentation  Compiled  Web Forms  Web Services  Windows ® Forms  Framework for building rich clients  ADO.NET, Evolution of ADO  New objects (e.g., DataSets)  XML support throughout

15. Agenda  Hello World  The.NET Framework  Design Goals of C#  Language Features

16. Design Goals of C# The Big Ideas  The first “Component Oriented” language in the C/C++ family  Everything really is an object  Next generation robust and durable software  Preserving your investment

17. Design Goals of C# A Component Oriented Language  C# is the first “Component Oriented” language in the C/C++ family  Component concepts are first class  Properties, methods, events  Design-time and run-time attributes  Integrated documentation using XML  Enables one-stop programming  No external files like header files, IDL, etc.  Can be embedded in ASP pages

18. Design Goals of C# Everything Really Is an Object  Traditional views  C++, Java ™ : Primitive types are “magic” and do not interoperate with objects  Smalltalk, Lisp: Primitive types are objects, but at great performance cost  C# unifies with no performance cost  Deep simplicity throughout system  Improved extensibility and reusability  New primitive types: Decimal, SQL…  Collections, etc., work for all types

19. Design Goals of C# Robust and Durable Software  Garbage collection  No memory leaks and stray pointers  Exceptions  Error handling is not an afterthought  Type-safety  No uninitialized variables, unsafe casts  Versioning  Pervasive versioning considerations in all aspects of language design

20. Design Goals of C# Preserving Your Investment  C++ Heritage  Namespaces, enums, pointers (in unsafe code), unsigned types, etc.  No unnecessary sacrifices  Real-world useful constructs  foreach, using, switch on string  decimal type for financial applications  ref and out parameters  Millions of lines of C# code in.NET  Short learning curve  Increased productivity

21. Design Goals of C# Interoperability C# VB.NET MC++ JScript....NET Languages COM OLE Automation XML/SOAP Dynamic Link Libraries P/Invoke and unsafe code

22. Agenda  Hello World  The.NET Framework  Design Goals of C#  Language Features

23. Language Features Program Structure  Namespaces  Contain types and other namespaces  Type declarations  Classes, structs, interfaces, enums, and delegates  Members  Constants, fields, methods, properties, indexers, events, operators, constructors, destructors  Organization  No header files, code written “in-line”  No declaration order dependence

24. Language Features Program Structure using System; namespace System.Collections { public class Stack public class Stack { Entry top; Entry top; public void Push(object data) { public void Push(object data) { top = new Entry(top, data); top = new Entry(top, data); } public object Pop() { public object Pop() { if (top == null) throw new InvalidOperationException(); if (top == null) throw new InvalidOperationException(); object result = top.data; object result = top.data; top = top.next; top = top.next; return result; return result; } }}

25. Language Features Type System  Value types  Directly contain data  Cannot be null  Reference types  Contain references to objects  May be null int i = 123; string s = "Hello world"; 123 i s "Hello world"

26. Language Features Type System  Value types  Primitives int i;  Enumsenum State { Off, On }  Structsstruct Point { int x, y; }  Reference types  Classesclass Foo: Bar, IFoo {...}  Interfaces interface IFoo: IBar {...}  Arraysstring[] a = new string[10];  Delegatesdelegate void Empty();

27. Language Features Predefined Types  C# predefined types  Referenceobject, string  Signedsbyte, short, int, long  Unsigned byte, ushort, uint, ulong  Characterchar  Floating-pointfloat, double, decimal  Logicalbool  Predefined types are simply aliases for system-provided types  For example, int = System.Int32

28. Language Features Classes  Single inheritance  Multiple interface implementation  Class members  Constants, fields, methods, properties, indexers, events, operators, constructors, destructors  Static and instance members  Nested types  Member access  Public, protected, internal, private

29. Language Features Structs  Like classes, except  Stored in-line, not heap allocated  Assignment copies data, not reference  No inheritance  Ideal for light weight objects  Complex, point, rectangle, color  int, float, double, etc., are all structs  Benefits  No heap allocation, less GC pressure  More efficient use of memory

30. Language Features Classes and Structs struct SPoint { int x, y;... } class CPoint { int x, y;... } class CPoint { int x, y;... } SPoint sp = new SPoint(10, 20); CPoint cp = new CPoint(10, 20); 10 20 sp cp 10 20 CPoint

31. Language Features Interfaces  Multiple inheritance  Can contain methods, properties, indexers and events  Private interface implementations interface IDataBound { void Bind(IDataBinder binder); void Bind(IDataBinder binder);} class EditBox: Control, IDataBound { void IDataBound.Bind(IDataBinder binder) {...} void IDataBound.Bind(IDataBinder binder) {...}}

32. Language Features Enums  Strongly typed  No implicit conversions to/from int  Operators: +, -, ++, --, &, |, ^, ~  Can specify underlying type  Byte, short, int, long enum Color: byte { Red = 1, Red = 1, Green = 2, Green = 2, Blue = 4, Blue = 4, Black = 0, Black = 0, White = Red | Green | Blue, White = Red | Green | Blue,}

33. Language Features Delegates  Object oriented function pointers  Multiple receivers  Each delegate has an invocation list  Thread-safe + and - operations  Foundation for framework events delegate void MouseEvent(int x, int y); delegate double Func(double x); Func func = new Func(Math.Sin); double x = func(1.0);

34. Language Features Unified Type System  Everything is an object  All types ultimately inherit from object  Any piece of data can be stored, transported, and manipulated with no extra work Stream MemoryStreamFileStream Hashtabledoubleint object

35. Language Features Unified Type System  Boxing  Allocates box, copies value into it  Unboxing  Checks type of box, copies value out int i = 123; object o = i; int j = (int)o; 123 i o 123 System.Int32 123 j

36. Language Features Unified Type System  Benefits  Eliminates “wrapper classes”  Collection classes work with all types  Replaces OLE Automation's Variant  Lots of examples in.NET framework string s = string.Format( "Your total was {0} on {1}", total, date); "Your total was {0} on {1}", total, date); ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); al.Add( new Customer() ); al.Add( 1 ); al.Add( "test" );

37. Language Features Component Development  What defines a component?  Properties, methods, events  Integrated help and documentation  Design-time information  C# has first class support  Not naming patterns, adapters, etc.  Not external files  Components are easy to build and to consume

38. Language Features Properties  Properties Are “Smart Fields”  Natural syntax, accessors, inlining public class Button: Control { private string caption; private string caption; public string Caption { public string Caption { get { get { return caption; return caption; } set { set { caption = value; caption = value; Repaint(); Repaint(); } }} Button b = new Button(); b.Caption = "OK"; String s = b.Caption;

39. Language Features Indexers  Indexers are “smart arrays”  Can be overloaded public class ListBox: Control { private string[] items; private string[] items; public string this[int index] { public string this[int index] { get { get { return items[index]; return items[index]; } set { items[index] = value; set { items[index] = value; Repaint(); Repaint(); } }} ListBox listBox = new ListBox(); listBox[0] = "hello"; Console.WriteLine(listBox[0]);

40. Language Features Creating and Firing an Event  Define the Event signature  Define the Event and firing logic public delegate void EventHandler(object sender, EventArgs e); public class Button { public event EventHandler Click; protected void OnClick(EventArgs e) { if (Click != null) Click(this, e); } protected void OnClick(EventArgs e) { if (Click != null) Click(this, e); }}

41. Language Features Handling an Event  Define and register Event Handler public class MyForm: Form { Button okButton; Button okButton; public MyForm() { public MyForm() { okButton = new Button(...); okButton = new Button(...); okButton.Caption = "OK"; okButton.Caption = "OK"; okButton.Click += new EventHandler(OkButtonClick); okButton.Click += new EventHandler(OkButtonClick); } void OkButtonClick(object sender, EventArgs e) { void OkButtonClick(object sender, EventArgs e) { ShowMessage("You pressed the OK button"); ShowMessage("You pressed the OK button"); }}

42. Language Features DEMO 2: Creating an Event Handler  Define an Event Handler for a button in a Windows Forms application

43. Language Features Attributes  Associate information with types and members  Documentation URL for a class  Transaction context for a method  XML persistence mapping  Traditional solutions  Add keywords or pragmas to language  Use external files, e.g.,.IDL,.DEF  C# solution: Attributes

44. Language Features Attributes public class OrderProcessor { [WebMethod] [WebMethod] public void SubmitOrder(PurchaseOrder order) {...} public void SubmitOrder(PurchaseOrder order) {...}} [XmlRoot("Order", Namespace="urn:acme.b2b-schema.v1")] public class PurchaseOrder { [XmlElement("shipTo")] public Address ShipTo; [XmlElement("shipTo")] public Address ShipTo; [XmlElement("billTo")] public Address BillTo; [XmlElement("billTo")] public Address BillTo; [XmlElement("comment")] public string Comment; [XmlElement("comment")] public string Comment; [XmlElement("items")] public Item[] Items; [XmlElement("items")] public Item[] Items; [XmlAttribute("date")] public DateTime OrderDate; [XmlAttribute("date")] public DateTime OrderDate;} public class Address {...} public class Item {...}

45. Language Features Attributes  Attributes can be  Attached to types and members  Examined at run-time using reflection  Completely extensible  Simply a class that inherits from System.Attribute  Type-safe  Arguments checked at compile-time  Extensive use in.NET framework  XML, Web Services, security, serialization, component model, COM and P/Invoke interop, code configuration…

46. What Is A Web Service?  HTML = user-to-machine  XML/SOAP = machine-to-machine  Leveraging the Web  Same infrastructure  Same programming model  Anyone can play  Truly scalable distributed applications  Stateless and loosely coupled  Both Internet and intranet

47. Discovery Let’s talk (SOAP) Let’s talk (SOAP) How Does It Work? http://myservice.com HTML or XML with link to WSDL How do we talk? (WSDL) http://myservice.com?wsdl XML with service descriptions http://myservice.com/svc1 XML/SOAP BODY WebService WebServiceConsumer UDDI Find a Service http://www.uddi.org Link to DISCO or WSDL document

48. Web Services With.NET ProgramsObjects Classes Methods CallsWebXML XSD WSDL SOAP Data Schema Services InvocationApplicationConcepts The.NET framework provides a bi-directional mapping

49. Web Services With.NET public class OrderProcessor { public void SubmitOrder(PurchaseOrder order) {...} public void SubmitOrder(PurchaseOrder order) {...}} public class PurchaseOrder { public string ShipTo; public string ShipTo; public string BillTo; public string BillTo; public string Comment; public string Comment; public Item[] Items; public Item[] Items; public DateTime OrderDate; public DateTime OrderDate;} public class OrderProcessor { [WebMethod] [WebMethod] public void SubmitOrder(PurchaseOrder order) {...} public void SubmitOrder(PurchaseOrder order) {...}} [XmlRoot("Order", Namespace="urn:acme.b2b-schema.v1")] public class PurchaseOrder { [XmlElement("shipTo")] public string ShipTo; [XmlElement("shipTo")] public string ShipTo; [XmlElement("billTo")] public string BillTo; [XmlElement("billTo")] public string BillTo; [XmlElement("comment")] public string Comment; [XmlElement("comment")] public string Comment; [XmlElement("items")] public Item[] Items; [XmlElement("items")] public Item[] Items; [XmlAttribute("date")] public DateTime OrderDate; [XmlAttribute("date")] public DateTime OrderDate;} PurchaseOrder po = new PurchaseOrder(); po.ShipTo = “Anders Hejlsberg"; po.BillTo = “Bill Gates"; po.OrderDate = DateTime.Today; …OrderProcessor.SubmitOrder(po); <soap:Envelope> Anders Hejlsberg Anders Hejlsberg Bill Gates Bill Gates Overnight delivery Overnight delivery 17748933 17748933 Dom Perignon Dom Perignon </soap:Envelope>

50. Language Features DEMO 3: Attributes  Create a Web service by using the [WebMethod] attribute

51. Language Features XML Comments class XmlElement { /// /// /// Returns the attribute with the given name and /// Returns the attribute with the given name and /// namespace /// namespace /// /// /// The name of the attribute /// The name of the attribute /// /// /// The namespace of the attribute, or null if /// The namespace of the attribute, or null if /// the attribute has no namespace /// the attribute has no namespace /// /// /// The attribute value, or null if the attribute /// The attribute value, or null if the attribute /// does not exist /// does not exist /// /// public string GetAttr(string name, string ns) { public string GetAttr(string name, string ns) {...... }}

52. Language Features DEMO 4: XML Comments  Show how the compiler can auto generate documentation from the source code using XML comments

53. Language Features Statements and Expressions  High C++ fidelity  if, while, do require bool condition  Switch statement  No fall-through, “goto case” or “goto default”  Goto can’t jump into blocks  Foreach statement  Checked and unchecked statements  Expression statements must do work void Foo() { i == 1;// error i + j;// error } switch( arg ) { case 0: case 0: case 1: case 1: Console.WriteLine(“Low”); Console.WriteLine(“Low”); case 2: case 2: Console.WriteLine(“Med”); Console.WriteLine(“Med”); break; break; default: default:Console.WriteLine(“High”);} switch( arg ) { case 0: case 0: case 1: case 1: Console.WriteLine(“Low”); Console.WriteLine(“Low”); break; break; case 2: case 2: Console.WriteLine(“Med”); Console.WriteLine(“Med”); break; break; default: default:Console.WriteLine(“High”);} switch( arg ) { case 0: case 0: case 1: case 1: Console.WriteLine(“Low”); Console.WriteLine(“Low”); goto case 2; goto case 2; case 2: case 2: Console.WriteLine(“Med”); Console.WriteLine(“Med”); break; break; default: default:Console.WriteLine(“High”);} int i; if ( i ) // error if ( i>0 ) FileClass file; if ( file = OpenFile() ) // error if ( (file = OpenFile()) != NULL ) foreach ( string word in myArray.words ) { Console.WriteLine(“{0}”, word) } static short x = 32767; // Max short static short y = 32767; try{ z = checked((short)(x + y)); } catch (OverflowException e) {Console.WriteLine(e.ToString());} goto in_label; while ( i<100 ) {in_label:i++;} { if ( j>50 ) goto out_label; }out_label:

54. Language Features For Each Statement  Iteration of arrays  Iteration of user-defined collections foreach (Customer c in customers.OrderBy("name")) { if (c.Orders.Count != 0) { if (c.Orders.Count != 0) {...... }} public static void Main(string[] args) { foreach (string s in args) Console.WriteLine(s); foreach (string s in args) Console.WriteLine(s);}

55. Language Features Parameter Arrays  Can write “printf” style methods  Type-safe, unlike C++ void printf(string fmt, params object[] args) { foreach (object x in args) { foreach (object x in args) {...... }} printf("%s %i %i", str, int1, int2); object[] args = new object[3]; args[0] = str; args[1] = int1; Args[2] = int2; printf("%s %i %i", args);

56. Language Features Operator Overloading  First class user-defined data types  Used in base class library  Decimal, DateTime, TimeSpan  Used in the framework  Unit, point, rectangle  Used in SQL integration  SQLString, SQLInt16, SQLInt32, SQLInt64, SQLBool, SQLMoney, SQLNumeric, SQLFloat…

57. Language Features Operator Overloading public struct DBInt { public static readonly DBInt Null = new DBInt(); public static readonly DBInt Null = new DBInt(); private int value; private int value; private bool defined; private bool defined; public bool IsNull { get { return !defined; } } public bool IsNull { get { return !defined; } } public static DBInt operator +(DBInt x, DBInt y) {...} public static DBInt operator +(DBInt x, DBInt y) {...} public static implicit operator DBInt(int x) {...} public static implicit operator DBInt(int x) {...} public static explicit operator int(DBInt x) {...} public static explicit operator int(DBInt x) {...}} DBInt x = 123; DBInt y = DBInt.Null; DBInt z = x + y;

58. Language Features Versioning  Overlooked in most languages  C++ and Java produce fragile base classes  Users unable to express versioning intent  C# allows intent to be expressed  Methods are not virtual by default  C# keywords “virtual”, “override” and “new” provide context  C# can't guarantee versioning  Can enable (e.g., explicit override)  Can encourage (e.g., smart defaults)

59. class Derived: Base// version 1 { public virtual void Foo() { public virtual void Foo() { Console.WriteLine("Derived.Foo"); Console.WriteLine("Derived.Foo"); }} class Derived: Base// version 2a { new public virtual void Foo() { new public virtual void Foo() { Console.WriteLine("Derived.Foo"); Console.WriteLine("Derived.Foo"); }} class Derived: Base// version 2b { public override void Foo() { public override void Foo() { base.Foo(); base.Foo(); Console.WriteLine("Derived.Foo"); Console.WriteLine("Derived.Foo"); }} class Base// version 1 {} class Base // version 2 { public virtual void Foo() { public virtual void Foo() { Console.WriteLine("Base.Foo"); Console.WriteLine("Base.Foo"); }} Language Features Versioning

60. Language Features Conditional Compilation  #define, #undef  #if, #elif, #else, #endif  Simple boolean logic  Conditional methods public class Debug { [Conditional("Debug")] [Conditional("Debug")] public static void Assert(bool cond, String s) { public static void Assert(bool cond, String s) { if (!cond) { if (!cond) { throw new AssertionException(s); throw new AssertionException(s); } }}

61. Language Features Unsafe Code  COM integration, P/invoke cover most cases  Unsafe code  Low-level code without leaving the box  Enables unsafe casts, pointer arithmetic  Declarative pinning  Fixed statement  Basically “inline C” unsafe void Foo() { char* buf = stackalloc char[256]; char* buf = stackalloc char[256]; for (char* p = buf; p < buf + 256; p++) *p = 0; for (char* p = buf; p < buf + 256; p++) *p = 0;......}

62. Language Features Unsafe Code class FileStream: Stream { int handle; int handle; public unsafe int Read(byte[] buffer, int index, int count) { public unsafe int Read(byte[] buffer, int index, int count) { int n = 0; int n = 0; fixed (byte* p = buffer) { fixed (byte* p = buffer) { ReadFile(handle, p + index, count, &n, null); ReadFile(handle, p + index, count, &n, null); } return n; return n; } [dllimport("kernel32", SetLastError=true)] [dllimport("kernel32", SetLastError=true)] static extern unsafe bool ReadFile(int hFile, static extern unsafe bool ReadFile(int hFile, void* lpBuffer, int nBytesToRead, void* lpBuffer, int nBytesToRead, int* nBytesRead, Overlapped* lpOverlapped); int* nBytesRead, Overlapped* lpOverlapped);}

63. Language Features COM Support .Net framework provides great COM support  TLBIMP imports existing COM classes  TLBEXP exports.NET types  Most users will have a seamless experience

64. Language Features COM Support  Sometimes you need more control  Methods with complicated structures as arguments  Large TLB – only using a few classes  System.Runtime.Interopservices  COM object identification  Parameter and return value marshalling  HRESULT behavior

65. Language Features DEMO 5: COM and C# Call a COM component from C#

66. Language Features DEMO 6: Visual Studio.NET Windows programming with C#

67. C# And CLI Standardization  Work begun in September 2000  Submitted to ECMA (www.ecma.ch)  Active involvement by Intel, HP, IBM, Fujitsu, Plum Hall, …  Since December 2001  “C# Language Specification”  “Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)”

68. C# Books

69. C# Customers

70. More Resources  http://msdn.microsoft.com/ http://msdn.microsoft.com/  C# language specification  C# newsgroups  microsoft.public.dotnet.languages.csharp

71. Questions?

72. © 2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.