1. Intellectual Property Boston College Law School March 14, 2008 Software - Intro, Scope

2. Software & Hardware Hardware OS Application E.g. Windows, Mac OS, PS2 OS E.g. Dell PC, Macintosh, PS2 E.g. MS Word, Netscape Navigator, PS2 Game, etc.

3. Software Creation Typical steps –(1) Requirements analysis –(2) Architecting / high-level design –(3) User interface design –(4) Writing code –(5) Validation and maintenance

4. Software Creation } Var {for variable function …} num, count, primes, …. Begin {of program} {*****initialize var … num :=2;{the prime num … count :=0;{number of pri … times :=0;{number of col … {*****ask user how many … write (‘How many prime … read (primes); writeln; writeln; {carriage returns} writeln; Compile Source Code 11101001 01111001 00101100 10010000 10010000 11001101 10101011 01000011 01101111 01110000 01111001 01100100 01010010 01001100 01000001 01101110 01100011 00000010 00000100 00000000 10110011 11101001 01111001 00101100 10010000 10010000 11001101 10101011 01000011 01101111 01110000 01111001 01100100 01010010 01001100 01000001 01101110 01100011 00000010 00000100 00000000 10110011 11101001 01111001 00101100 10010000 10010000 11001101 10101011 01000011 01101111 01110000 01111001 01100100 Object Code

5. Network Effects

6. Definition: where value of a product to one consumer depends on number of other consumers using it Examples –Actual networks: e.g. telephone, fax machines, instant messaging, etc. –Standards: e.g. QWERTY keyboard, MP3, etc. –Compatible products: e.g. VCRs, DVD, computer operating systems, etc.

7. Costs and Benefits Benefits –Competing standards can be inefficient –Lower training costs, portability –Wider selection in complementary markets Costs –Lock in to suboptimal standard –Issues of market power where standard owned

8. Competing Strategies MAI MAI OS MAI Apps OS Hardware Apple Apple OS 3d PartiesApple3d Parties Microsoft 3d PartiesMicrosoft3d Parties

9. Copyright Protection CONTU Recommendations 1978 17 U.S.C. § 101. Definitions –“Literary works” are works … expressed in words, numbers, or other verbal or numerical symbols or indicia …. 17 U.S.C. § 102. Subject Matter –“(b) In no case does copyright protection … extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, ….”

10. Issues Copyrightability –Object Code –Source Code –Non-Literal Structures –Functional Elements –Screen Displays –User Interfaces

11. Apple v. Franklin } Var {for variable function …} num, count, primes, …. Begin {of program} {*****initialize var … num :=2;{the prime num … count :=0;{number of pri … times :=0;{number of col … {*****ask user how many … write (‘How many prime … read (primes); writeln; writeln; {carriage returns} writeln; Compile Source Code 11101001 01111001 00101100 10010000 10010000 11001101 10101011 01000011 01101111 01110000 01111001 01100100 01010010 01001100 01000001 01101110 01100011 00000010 00000100 00000000 10110011 11101001 01111001 00101100 10010000 10010000 11001101 10101011 01000011 01101111 01110000 01111001 01100100 01010010 01001100 01000001 01101110 01100011 00000010 00000100 00000000 10110011 11101001 01111001 00101100 10010000 10010000 11001101 10101011 01000011 01101111 01110000 01111001 01100100 Object Code

12. Whelan v. Jaslow Dentalab v. Dentcom –Different object code and source code –Similarities in non-literal elements File structures (how data stored) Screen outputs (how results displayed) Five subroutines –Order entry –Invoicing –Accounts receivable –End of day procedure –End of month procedure

13. Whelan v. Jaslow Standard for idea/expression: –“the purpose or function of a utilitarian work would be the work’s idea, and everything that is not necessary to that purpose or function would be part of the expression of that idea.” Idea = purpose or function Expression = everything not necessary to purpose

14. Whelan v. Jaslow Main Purpose Program Structure Modules, Data Source Code Object Code No Protection Protected Unless Necessary

15. Computer Assoc. v. Altai IBM 370 CA-Adapter CA-Scheduler Zeke Oscar 3.4 CMSMVSVSE Oscar 3.5

16. Abstraction Main Purpose Program Structure Modules, Data Source Code Object Code

17. Filtration Main Purpose Program Structure Modules, Data Source Code Object Code - Ideas - Dictated by efficiency - Dictated by external factors - Public domain

18. Comparison Main Purpose Program Structure Modules, Data Source Code Object Code

19. Computer Assoc. v. Altai Not copied Not Protected CA-Scheduler Dictated by OS or apps P.D. or functional Flows from purpose Main Purpose Parameter Lists, Macros Source Code, Object Code Oscar 3.5 General Outline Services Required

20. Altai Test v. Whelan Test Object Code Purpose Altai Modules, Data Source Code Program Structure Whelan

21. Hypothetical Facts –You are general counsel to software company –Developing an application –Have obtained source code of competing product –Would like to save time by copying as much as possible Question –What, if anything, can we copy? –Giving advice to company’s software engineers

22. Administrative Next Class –Finish V.B.1 – Scope Class cancellations –Monday, March 19 –Friday, March 30