1. Orthopedic and Other Health Impairments ESE 380 March 31, 2009

2. Categories of Orthopedic Impairment Due to congenital Anomaly Due to disease Due to other causes

3. Exercise I Brenda has a orthopedic impairment that affects her muscular control. She experienced placenta previa, resulting in anoxia, during birth. Her condition is classified in the “due to other causes” sub- type of orthopiedic impairment. What does Brenda have, and what gives you cause to believe your answer is correct?

4. Congenital Anomaly Club foot Missing or contracted limbs or digits Additional digits (polydactyly) Arthrogryposis

5. Causes from Disease Muscular dystrophy Poliomyelitis Bone tuberculosis

6. Muscular Dystrophy Muscular Dystrophy can broadly be defined as a group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive muscle weakness, due to the primary degeneration of muscle fibers. The most common form is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in which there is a rapid downward progression of muscle weakness, first seen in the legs, and then moving upward. weakness is often detected by three years of age. Around 10 to 12 years of age the child typically needs a manual wheelchair

7. Other Causes of Orthopedic Impairment Burns Amputations Spina bifida Cerebral palsy (CP) Spinal cord injury (SCI)

8. Spina Bifida Spina bifida (myleomeningocele type) is a birth defect in which the neural tube (that forms the brain and spinal cord) does not completely close during the first 28 days of gestation, resulting in damage to part of the spinal cord. Characteristics depend upon the level of the incomplete closure and associated

9. Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy refers to a variety of nonprogressive disorders of voluntary movement or posture that is caused by malfunctioning of or damage to the brain occurring before birth, during birth, or within the first few years of life. Students with cerebral palsy typically have abnormal and uncoordinated motor

10. Types of Cerebral Palsy Spastic Characterized by rigid movements Athetoid Characterized by abrupt, involuntary movements Ataxic Characterized by unsteadiness; lack of coordination Mixed Spastic and athetoid combined

11. Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Spinal Cord Injury refers to damage to the spinal cord that can be caused by a wide range of disorders and traumatic events. Typically there is impaired or no sensation and movement below the level of injury.

12. The Spinal Column The seven vertebrae in the neck are the Cervical Vertebrae. SCI at cervical levels usually causes a loss of independent breathing and loss of function to the arms and legs, thereby resulting in quadriplegia. The twelve vertebrae in the chest are called the Thoracic Vertebrae. Thoracic level injuries usually affect the chest and the legs and result in paraplegia. The five vertebrae in the lower back are known as the Lumbar Vertebrae. Lumbar level injury typically results in loss of control of the legs, bladder, bowel and sexual functions. The Sacral Vertebrae are the five vertebrae that run from the pelvis to the end of the spinal column. Sacral level injuries generally damage the nerves emanating from the distal spinal cord conus and typically cause lower motor neuron flaccid paralysis type lesions involving some loss of function in the legs and difficulty with bowel, bladder and sexual control. http://www.neurosurgerytoday.org/media /fact/spinal.asphttp://www.neurosurgerytoday.org/media /fact/spinal.asp

13. Exercise III Talka was injured in an automobile crash, and is now paralyzed from the waist down. She has a spinal cord injury. Which of the following most likely references where her injury occurred? a.c2 b.C6 c.T2 d.L3 e.P4

15. Spinal Cord Injury