1. Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry
Alkenes
Aldehydes or ketones
Halogenoalkanes
Arenes
Alkanes
Electrophilic
Addition
HBr, Br2,Br2(aq)
Free Radical
Polymerisation
Nucleophilic Addition
Nucleophilic Substitution
SN1
SN2
Electrophilic Substitution
Free Radical Substitution

2. home Electrophilic Addition 1 – Ethene + HBr + :Br_ H C C H d+ Br H H

3. home Electrophilic Addition 2 – Ethene + Br2(hexane) + :Br_ C H C H Br

4. home Electrophilic Addition 3 – Ethene + Br2(aq) + :OH2 C H C H OH Br

5. home C :OH H3C H CN C O H3C H H+ C :O_ H3C H CN :CN_
Nucleophilic Addition – Reaction of HCN with Carbonyls d+ d_ C
:OH
H3C H CN C O
H3C H H+ C
:O_
H3C H CN
:CN_
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6. home Nucleophilic Substitution – SN1 Mechanism + Rate = k[C4H9Br] C
H3C OH C
CH3
H3C + C
CH3
H3C Br d+ d-
:OH-
:Br-
Rate = k[C4H9Br]
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7. Nucleophilic Substitution – SN2 MechanismBr C H OH + _
:OH-
:Br-
Rate = k[C2H5Br][:OH-]
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(NB Transition state)

8. + home Electrophilic Substitution 1 – Nitration of benzene
H2SO HNO3 NO HSO H2O
NO2
+NO2 +
NO2 H H+
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9. + home Electrophilic Substitution 2 – Bromination of benzene
Br AlCl3 Br AlBrCl3- Br
+Br + Br H
HBr
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AlCl3

10. + home Electrophilic Substitution 3 – Alkylation of benzene
CH3Cl AlCl3 CH AlCl4-
CH3
+CH3 +
CH3 H
HCl
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AlCl3

11. + home Electrophilic Substitution 4 – Acylation of benzene
CH3COCl AlCl3 CH3CO AlCl4-
CH3 +C O +
CH3 C O H
CH3 C O
HCl
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AlCl3

12. + home Bromination of methylbenzene – ring substitution
Br AlBr3 Br AlBr4-
CH3
CH3 + H Br
CH3 Br
Br+
HBr
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AlBr3

13. . CH3 + HCl . CH3 + Cl2 . CH3 + . CH3 . CH3 + . Cl home
Free Radical Substitution 1 – Methane + Cl2
u.v. light
Initiation
2Cl. Cl Cl
Propagation
CH Cl.
. CH HCl
. CH Cl2
CH3Cl + Cl .
Termination
. CH3 + . CH3
C2H6
. CH Cl
CH3Cl
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14. home Free Radical Addition Polymerisation of Ethene heat Initiation
Propagation R C H C H R C C C H R
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