2. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655 Best way to reach me: lynnc@charmian.sonoma.edu Astronomy 350 Cosmology

3. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3502 Group 7  Keith Buckley  Emily Haney  Brooke Krystosek  Alex McMahon

4. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3503 Shapes of Galaxies  Spirals disk shaped with spiral arms often have bright bulges in center contain interstellar gas, nebulae, star forming regions, open clusters and globular clusters  Barred Spirals spiral arms emerge from end of bar gas from outer part of galaxy funneled to center through the bar, forming new stars in bulge  Lenticular (“lens-shaped”) flattened disks of gas and dust no spiral arms

5. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3504 Shapes of Galaxies  Ellipticals range from spherical to foot-ball shapes lots of old stars and globular clusters star formation is over or just restarting maybe the result of collision and merger of smaller galaxies  Irregulars lots of gas and new stars forming rather small compared to spirals and ellipticals  Low surface Brightness lots of gas, but few stars can be rather large

6. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3505 Galaxy Formation movie  Formation of galaxies in cold dark matter universe

7. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3506 M31/Andromeda  Our nearest spiral neighbor  2 million light years away Center of M31 has two optical nuclei

8. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3507 M31/Chandra X-ray  Image of central part of our neighbor M31  Bright X-ray sources are binaries with black holes or neutron stars  Central BH is very cool, 30 million M o Center of M31

9. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3508 Edge-on Spiral Galaxy  NGC 891 - we think our Galaxy looks like this This is an infrared composite image from KPNO

10. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3509 Starburst galaxies  Galaxies which are undergoing rapid phase of star formation  Supernova rate about 10 times higher  Many bright stars  Fluorescent gas clouds NGC 4214 HST

11. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35010 Starburst Galaxy M82  Radio map is CO which traces H  IR map shows proto-stars Radio IR

12. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35011 Starburst galaxy M82  X-ray evidence for intermediate mass black hole in M82  High supernova rate makes many smaller black holes, which may merge

13. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35012 Hubble Galaxy Sequence  Ellipticals (round through oval)  Spirals (centrally condensed with arms)  Barred Spirals (distinct bar shape with bulge)

14. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35013 Spiral Galaxies Bulges formed over a short period very early in the young universe, perhaps through the collapse of a single cloud of hydrogen or merger of primeval star clusters. NGC 1232/VLT NGC 1288

15. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35014 Spiral sequence  Sandage  Hubble Space Telescope NGC 5838/S0

16. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35015 Spiral sequence  Sandage  Hubble Space Telescope NGC 5689/Sa

17. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35016 Spiral sequence  Sandage  Hubble Space Telescope NGC 5965/Sb

18. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35017 Spiral sequence  Sandage  Hubble Space Telescope NGC 7537/Sbc

19. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35018 Barred Spiral M61  Bar across central region is made of stars, gas, and dust  Small bulge is dominated by a disk of material  Spiral arms begin at both ends of the bar  The bar is funneling material into the hub, which triggers star formation and feeds the bulge

20. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35019 Barred Spiral NGC1365 Optical/Sandage Optical/HST WFPC2 IR/HST NICMOS

21. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35020 Irregular Galaxies NGC 4753/I0 Sextans A 5000 light years across 5 million light years away

22. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35021 Galaxy formation  Large galaxy and satellite galaxy form  200 kpc portion of larger simulation at NCSA Full simulation followed 262,144 gas particles and 262,144 dark matter particles (not shown) within a 16 Mpc comoving region. It took 140 hours on a Cray YMP.

23. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35022 Galaxy Evolution A computer simulation of a flat disk-type galaxy colliding with a dwarf galaxy. The dwarf galaxy cannot be seen, but its gravitational influences trigger the production of spiral arms in the gas-rich disk.

24. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35023 Active Galaxies  Quasars Quasi-stellar radio source. (A radio source that is so far away that it looks like a star.) Bright nucleus Highly variable Most produce strong X-rays Many have broad spectral lines (10 4 km/sec) Many QSOs (quasi-stellar objects, with no radio emission) are often called quasars  Seyfert galaxies Spiral galaxies with bright nucleus Seyfert 2 galaxies are viewed through gas disk

25. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35024 Active Galaxies  Radio galaxies quasars with radio emission (original quasars) some have two lobes, connected by jets some are wildly variable and have X-rays not especially bright in visible light often giant elliptical galaxies  BL Lac objects narrow lines highly polarized radio sources  Blazars wildly variable, have X-rays and gamma-rays quasars viewed down the jet axis

26. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35025 Unified Model of AGN  All AGN are the same: central BH plus disk and jets  Differences in lines, jets, & spectra are due to different viewing angles  Also possible that BHs are being fed at different rates

27. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35026 Seyfert Galaxy NGC 7742  Bright nucleus  3000 light years across  72 million light years away HST

28. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35027 Centaurus A/Optical  Giant elliptical galaxy  10 million light years away  Dark dust lane obscures the central region

29. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35028 Centaurus A/Radio  Double Lobe Radio Galaxy  Image shows radio lobes superposed on optical image  Central black hole must be producing radio jets and lobes

30. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35029 Centaurus A/X-ray  X-ray image from Chandra  Bright nucleus can be seen in center at location of black hole  Small jet to lower right ends in shocked region

31. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35030 Centaurus A/IR  IR map shows a second galaxy (barred spiral) hiding inside Cen A’s dust lanes  Elliptical’s gravity helps barred spiral maintain its shape  Material funneled along the spiral's bar fuels the central black hole which powers the elliptical's radio lobes Symbiotic relationship

32. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35031 M87 Optical  Giant elliptical galaxy  At center of Virgo cluster  Many globular clusters surround it  Little dust and gas in the galaxy  50 million light years away

33. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35032 M87 HST Movie

34. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35033 M87 Optical Jet  HST IR and UV composite  Globular clusters also seen  Note shock waves and knot patterns in jet  Bright point at central black hole

35. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35034 M87 Radio Jet  Central black hole is making jets  Jets are making bubbles of hot gas  Bubbles are as big as 200,000 light years  Smallest resolution VLBI image is 0.2 light years

36. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35035 M87 X-ray and radio  X-ray contours on radio image  High energy emission from central black hole  ROSAT X-ray data

37. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35036 X-ray Quiet AGN  Luminous optical nucleus yet X-ray quiet

38. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35037 M87 - X-ray Quiet AGN?  Elliptical galaxies with known supermassive black holes from optical data  Advective accretion means that matter flows over the event horizon without making many X-rays due to the lack of a hot accretion disk

39. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35038 Gamma-ray Quasars  3C 279 is a very bright, repeatedly flaring gamma- ray source, seen at MeV - TeV energies 3C273 is much brighter at optical energies 3C279 3C273

40. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35039 Blazar movie  Shows rotating black hole in the center of Active Galaxy, which is emitting relativistic jets of material  Blazar is a quasar that is aiming its beams directly at us

41. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35040 Most distant QSOs  Redshift record is now around Z=6.5  Sloan Digital Sky Survey Z = 5.0 Z = 4.75Z = 4.9

42. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35041 Collisions and Mergers  Note: galaxies do not make noise when they collide!

43. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35042 Galaxy Collision

44. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35043 Galaxy Collisions, Part 2

45. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35044 Cartwheel Galaxy  Wheel shape was formed from collision of two galaxies  Bright stars are forming at the edges of the wheel (10 5 light years in diameter)  Intruder galaxy is no longer visible This is from HST

46. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35045 Active Galaxies and Jets  What do Active Galaxies look like when viewed from different distances?

47. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35046 Web Resources  Astronomy picture of the Day http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html  Imagine the Universe http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov  M87 radio images http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/~fowen/M87.html  Space Telescope Science Institute http://stsci.edu  Sloan Digital Sky Survey http://www.sdss.org/

48. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35047 Web Resources  A. Ptak’s intermediate mass black hole in M82 http://astro.phys.cmu.edu/~ptak/m82/  T. di Matteo’s X-ray quiet AGN http://www- glast.sonoma.edu/HEADmeeting/tuesday/index.html  ROSAT X-ray images http://wave.xray.mpe.mpg.de/rosat/calendar/2 000/oct http://wave.xray.mpe.mpg.de/rosat/calendar/2 000/oct  NCSA’s Unveiling the Hidden Universe http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/Bima/BimaHome.ht ml#Unveiling

49. March 18, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A35048 Web Resources  NCSA M82 images http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/Bima/Extra Gal.html  Galaxy Formation Movie from NCSA http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/Cosmos/Th eWorksMovies.html