1. Plants…..?

2. Kingdom Plantae Defined
1. Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.
2. Chloroplasts contain both chlorophylls a & b.
3. Stores carbohydrates (mostly starch).
4. Adult plants develop from embryos protected by tissue from the parent plant - are embryophytes.
5. Have alternation of generation.

4. Big 5 Mass Extinctions EX

5. Cambrian Period mya
Devonian Period mya
Permian mya
Creataceous mya

6. Phylogenetic Hierarchy
Kingdom
Phylum (Division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
Binomial: Genus species or Genus species

7. Evolution of Plants

8. “Algae” a common name that includes organisms from 2 different Domains (3 kingdoms)

9. Kingdoms of the 3 Domains
D: Archaea
K: Archebacteria
D: Bacteria
K: Bacteria
D: Eukarya
K: Fungi
K: Protista (Protocista)
K: Plantae (Phyta)
K: Animalia

10. Where “Algae” are Found:
D: Archaea
K: Archebacteria
D: Bacteria……………….bluegreen algae
K: Bacteria
D: Eukarya
K: Fungi
K: Protista (Protocista)…green,brown, red algae
K: Plantae (Phyta)
K: Animalia

13. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”
1. Prokaryotic
2. Has chlorophyll a & phycobillins - phycocyanin and phycoerytherin.

14. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”
1. Prokaryotic
2. Has chlorophyll a & phycobillins - phycocyanin and phycoerytherin.
3. Many have heterocysts and are nitrogen fixers.
4. Stores food as cytophycean starch (glycogen).
5. Many have gas vacuoles.
6. May form akinetes, resistant spores.
7. Many have slimy sheaths.
8. Reproduction by cell division, fragmentation or spores - asexual only……

15. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”
Unicellular:
Gloeocapsa ill
thick sheath around individual cells.
Often grows in mixed algae.
Chamaesiphon ill
Epiphytic on other algae.
Has holdfast.
Spores released through a exopore.

16. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”
Filamentous:
Oscillatoria
trichome and filament (plus sheath)
oscillatory motion -
hormogonium fragmentation -
ill

17. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”
Filamentous:
Oscillatoria ill
trichome and filament (plus sheath)
oscillatory motion -
hormogonium fragmentation -
Anabaena & Nostoc
can form large masses - thick sheath
prominent heterocyts and akinetes
Nostoc form motile trichomes under red and green light.

18. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”
Anabaena
heterocyst spore (akinete)
Nostoc ill

19. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”
Anabaena
heterocyst

20. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”

21. D: Eukaryota K: Protista (Divisions)“algae”-

22. K; Protista Div: Chlorophyta
1. Stores starch in plastids
2. One or more nucleoli.
3. Chloroplasts have 2-6 thylacoids
4. Cell wall of cellulose.
5. Flagella 9+2 arrangement.
6. Chl a, chl b, carotenes and xanthophylls.
7. Starch (pyrenoids)

23. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Unicellular:
Chlorella no sexual reproduction
Chlamydomonas
2 anterior flagella
eyespot
contractile vacuole
monobiontic (n)

24. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Unicellular:
Chlamydomonas
2 anterior flagella
eyespot
contractile vacuole ill
sexual - isogamtetes
Monobiontic (n)
isogametes (1n) -> plasogamy & karyogamy -> zoospore(2n) -> meiosis -> isogametes (1n)

26. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Unicellular:
Desmid (Cosmarium)
ill 4-39

27. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Unicellular:
Desmids (Microasterias)
semicells - isthmus
1 nucleus in isthhmus
sexual reproduction
(conjugation)
- monobiontic (n)

28. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Filamentous:
Oedogonium
Intercalary growth
Ulothrix
Haplontic life cycle
Monobiontic (n)
(main free living
Plant body is n
or 2n – not both.)

29. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Filamentous:
Spirogyra
sexual - conjugation
monobiontic (n)

30. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Colonial:
Volvox
monobiontic (n)

31. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Colonial:
Hydradictyon
Monobiontic (2n)
ill 4-20A,B

32. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Coenocytic:
Acetobularia “Mermaid’s Parasol”
Haploid (n)
Marine, tropical
rootlike, stemlike, leaflike branches.
Cap forms cysts and gametes

33. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Coenocytic:
Caulerpa & Codium
Diploid (2n), coenocytic Monobiontic
Marine
rootlike, stemlike, leaflike branches.
Gametes (form by meiosis, n, bud off of leaf or stem)

34. K: Protista D: Chlorophyta Codium

35. K: Protista D: Chlorophyta Codium

36. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Cladophora

37. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Ulva
2 cell layers
holdfast coenocytic
marine or brackish
dibiontic (1n and 2n)

38. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta
Ulva
Isomorphic
life cycle
Dibiontic
haploid
& diploid

39. K: Protista Div: Charophyta “stoneworts”
1. Stores starch in plastids
2. One or more nucleoli.
3. Cell wall of cellulose.
4. Chl a, chl b, carotenes and ill xanthophylls.
5. Starch Chara
6. Whorled branching: regular nodes and internodes.
7. Covered with calcareous surface layers.

40. K: Protista Div: Charophyta “stoneworts”
Nitella sp.
Chara sp.
Ill ill 5-6
nodes & internodes oogonium & antheridium

41. K: Protista Div: Euglenophyta
1. Stores food Paramylon & fats.
2. Reproduction:
Cell Division
sexual (?)
3. Chl a & chl b
Carotenes & Xanthophylls.
4. Also Phagocytic.
5. No Cell wall.
6. Motile with flagellum

42. K: Protista Div: Chrysophyta “Diatoms” or Golden Brown Algae”
1. Chl a & chl c, high amount
carotenes and xanthophylls
2. Cell wall of cellulose and
silica - 2 articulated portions
3. Never stores starch -
other carbohydrates & oils.

43. K: Protista: Div: Pyrrophyta “Dinoflagellates”
1. Chl a & chl c,
carotenes and xanthophylls
some have no chlorophyll
2. Cell wall of cellulose & oils.
3. Usually 2 flagella - 1 trailing & 1 girdling.
4. Some species produce “red tides” in stagnant waters - neurotoxins - fish kills.

44. K: Protista: Div: Pyyrophyta “Dinoflagellates”

45. K: Protista Div: Phaeophyta “Brown Algae or Kelps”
1. Mainly marine. Annual & perennial.
2. Chl a & Chl c, carotenes
Xanthophylls (Fucoxanthin).
3. Laminarin, no starch,
mannitol, fat droplets Ill 7-6
4. Cell wall: cellulose
alginic acid
5. Many have leaflike. rootlike
and stemlike structures.
6. Sexual reproduction
2n plant body.

46. K: Protista Div: Rhodophyta
1. Mainly tropical seas
some fresh water.
2. Filamentous or foliaceous.
3. Chl a & chl d, carotenoids,
phycocyanin, much
phycoerythrin.
4. Stores Floridean starch
- glucose polymer (15)
5. Cell wall - cellulose,
gelatinous material – hydrocolloids
“agar” galatose phosphate polymer
6. Sexual and asexual reproduction
complex - like some Fungi

47. K: Protista Div: Rhodophyta

48. D: Eukaryota K: Protista (Divisions)“algae”-

49. K: Protista Div: Oomycota
“water molds” Saprolegnia aquatic
Multinucleated or Coenocytic
Flagellated Reproductive Cells (n)
Saprobic
Cellulose Cell Walls
“powdery mildews” terrestrial
(Irish Potato Blight, )

50. K: Protista Div: Myxomycota
“acellular slime molds”
- Plasmodium has motile pseudopods coenocytic (2n nuclei) with cytoplasmic streaming (actin & myxomycin) no cell walls
- endocytosis
- spores (n) from erect fruiting bodies or sporangia
- “swarm cells” motile spores – forms zygotes - > plasmodium
- irregular, hard mass: sclerotia form under unfavorable conditions - > plasmodium
- likes cool, moist habitats
Physarum

51. K: Protists “cellular slime molds”
- single, haploid (n) nucleated cells: myxamoebas (n) no cell walls
- myxamoebas group into a single mass or slug under favorable conditions
- endocytosis
- spores (n) from erect fruiting bodies or sporangia
- sexual cycle: myxamoebas fuse  zygotes (2n)  meiosis  mxyamoebas (n)