1. 1 Green Engineering Jess Everett A number of the slides were adopted from a presentation by Dr. Robert Hesketh

2. 2 Green Engineering Design, commercialization and use of processes and products that are feasible and economic while minimizing –Generation of pollution at the source –Risk to human health and the environment US EPA

3. 3 Sustainable Development Sustainable development meets needs of present without compromising ability of future generations to meet needs –World Energy Council

4. 4 Industrial Ecology Systematic examination of –local/regional/global –uses/flows of –materials/energy in –products/processes/industrial sectors/economies Focuses on potential role of industry in reducing environmental burdens throughout product life cycle Journal of Industrial Ecology

5. 5 Life Cycle Assessment Raw Materials Extraction Energy Wastes Material Processing Wastes Product Manufacturing Wastes Use, Reuse, Disposal Wastes Materials Energy Materials Energy Materials Energy Materials Life- Cycle Stages global warming ozone depletion smog formation acidifi- cation other toxic releases Human health and ecosystem damage Life- Cycle Impacts -Robert Hesketh

6. 6 20W compact fluorescent lamp compared to 75W incandescent lamp -Robert Hesketh

7. 7 Green Design Initiative Reduce environmental damage by –Minimizing use of non-renewable resources –Reducing use of renewable resources to sustainable levels –Lowering environmental discharges

8. 8 Engineers and Environmental Regulations Bishop, “Pollution Prevention: Fundamentals and Practice”, McGraw-Hill, 2000 Major Laws/Amendments Environmental Regulations -Robert Hesketh

9. 9 U.S. Energy Flows, 1997 Annual Energy Review 1997, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(97) -Robert Hesketh

10. 10 Global Warming and Related Impacts Process of Concern EnergyMaterials Products greenhouse gas emissions CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O climate change; sea level change human mortality or life adjustments Cause and Effect Chain Contribution to global Warming; Phipps, NPPC, http://www.snre.umich.edu/nppc/ Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO and UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 1996. -Robert Hesketh

11. 11 Stratospheric Ozone and Related Impacts EnergyMaterials Products ozone depleting substances CFCs, HCFCs ozone layer loss increase in uv human mortality or life adjustments ecosystem damage Cause and Effect Chain Toxics Release Inventory Data Process of Concern Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO and UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 1996. -Robert Hesketh

12. 12 Smog formation and related impacts EnergyMaterials Products NOx and volatile organic substances photochemical oxidation reactions human/ecological damage from O 3 and other oxidants Cause and Effect Chain NOxVOCs 1 - Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries 3 - Metals Processing, 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization, 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling VOCs NOx1997 National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf Fuel Combustion Industrial Processes Transportation Miscellaneous Process of Concern -Robert Hesketh

13. 13 Acid rain / Acid deposition EnergyMaterials Products SO 2 and NOx emission to air Acidification rxns. & acid deposition human/ecological damage from H + and heavy metals Cause and Effect Chain National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf SO 2 1 - Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries 3 - Metals Processing 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling 1997 Fuel Combustion Industrial Processes Transportation Miscellaneous Process of Concern -Robert Hesketh

14. 14 Human Health Toxicity EnergyMaterials Products Toxic releases to air, water, and soil Transport, fate, exposure pathways & routes Human health damage; carcino- genic & non... RCRA Hazardous Waste EPCRA Toxic Waste Allen and Rosselot, 1997 Process of Concern -Robert Hesketh

15. 15 Green Design Tools Mass balance analysis Green indices Design for disassembly and recycling aids Risk analysis Material selection and label advisors Full cost accounting methodologies Introduction to Green Design, By Chris Hendrickson, Noellette Conway-Schempf, Lester Lave and Francis McMichael, Green Design Initiative, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA

16. 16 Mass balance analysis Trace materials or energy in and out of an analysis area –manufacturing process or plant, watershed… Ideally based on measured inflows, inventories, and outflows –problems with data availability and consistency

17. 17 Green Indices Summarize various environmental impacts into simple scale –E.g., compare pound mercury dumped into the environment with pound dioxin? –Designer compares green score of alternatives and choose one with minimal environmental impact –Provide at least rudimentary guidance in choosing materials, components, or processes

18. 18 Design for disassembly and recycling aids Making products that can be taken apart easily for subsequent recycling and parts reuse –Kodak’s ‘disposal’ cameras snap apart, allowing 87% of the parts (weight) to be reused or recycled –DFD/R acts as a driver for recycling and reuse Disassembly $ may exceed value of materials –DFD/R software generally calculate potential disassembly pathways, point out fastest pathway, and reveal obstacles to disassembly that can be "designed out"

19. 19 Risk analysis Tracing through chances of different effects occurring –E.g., risk of toxic emissions estimated by estimating amount and type of emissions transport in the environment ecological and human exposure likely damage (such as cancer) as a percent –All steps have uncertainty –Integrate effects over several media air, water and land

20. ExposureHazard Risk = Basic Concepts: Risk Assessment -Robert Hesketh

21. ExposureHazard Risk = Transmission Rate (m 3 /s) Concentration in Air, Water Soil (g/m 3 ) Duration (s) Basic Concepts: Risk Assessment -Robert Hesketh

22. ExposureHazard Human Health & Ecosystem Effects: Carcinogenic Toxicity Risk = Basic Concepts: Risk Assessment -Robert Hesketh Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL ) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) No Observable Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL) Reference Dose (RfD) Reference Concentration (RfC) Cancer Slope Factors

23. 23 Material selection Different materials can produce a particular quality component or product, but with different environmental implications Material selection guidelines attempt to guide designers towards the environmentally preferred material

24. 24 Material Selection Principles Graedel and Allenby [1995] –Use abundant, non-toxic materials where possible –Use materials familiar to nature (e.g. cellulose), rather than man-made (e.g. chlorinated aromatics) –Minimize number of materials used in product or process –Try to use materials that have an existing recycling infrastructure –Use recycled materials where possible

25. 25 Label advisors Marks on materials or products that reveal information about material content relevant to environment or conservation –Plastic identification symbol that can be used in plastics resorting and recycling efforts –Eco-labels provide “unbiased” appraisal of environmental benefits of products Recycled Content, Energy Saving, Organic, Pest Management, Social Responsibility, Sustainable Agriculture, Sustainable Fishing, Animal Welfare, Sustainable Wood

26. 26 Full cost accounting methodologies Provide methods to account for ALL costs associated with a product, process, activity –Companies may incur high costs from using a material or process that creates environmental problems when an environmentally benign material or process exists –Consumers purchase products that create environmental problems because they do not know about green alternatives Example: protect bolt from corrosion –plate with cadmium or use stainless steel bolt purchase price of the two bolts additional costs to the company of using a toxic material

27. Green Engineering WEBSITE http://epa.gov/oppt/greenengineering/