2. PARALLEL EFFECTS OF LAND-USE HISTORY ON SPECIES DIVERSITY AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF FOREST HERBS Colin McInnes Ecology, 2004 Mark Vellend

3. Species and Genetic Diversity What is Species Diversity? What is Species Diversity? What is Genetic Diversity? What is Genetic Diversity? What is the Difference? What is the Difference? What is Divergence? What is Divergence?

4. What Forces Could be Acting? Local Characteristic Migration Drift Selection Mutation Migration Drift Selection Mutation Species Diversity Genetic Diversity Migration Migration Drift Drift Selection Selection Mutation Mutation

5. Primary vs. Secondary Stands Primary vs. Secondary Stands Bottlenecks Bottlenecks Founder Effects Founder Effects

6. Questions 1. Is Spp’s and Genetic diversity higher in primary stands 1. Is Spp’s and Genetic diversity higher in primary stands 2. Is Spp’s and Genetic divergence higher in primary stands 2. Is Spp’s and Genetic divergence higher in primary stands …Predictions?

7. Materials & Methods Trillium Trillium

8. Materials & Methods Spring & Summer (2000 - 2003) Spring & Summer (2000 - 2003) 27 Stands 27 Stands Observational Observational Genetic Analysis Genetic Analysis Allozymes Allozymes Chloroplast DNA Chloroplast DNA Microsatellites Microsatellites

9. Materials & Methods What was measured?

10. Materials & Methods Fst: measure of difference between population Population 1 Population 2 Population 3 AA AA AA AA AB AA AB AA AA BB AB BB BB BB BB AB BB BB AA AA BB AA AA AA AB AA AA

11. Results Both Species & Genetic Diversity Increase Both Species & Genetic Diversity Increase

12. Results

13. Results A. Presence-absence Divergence 1 > 2 Selection on Types B. Frequency based Divergence (species) 2 > 1 More variance within ‘types’ C. Frequency based Divergence (genes) 2 > 1

14. Results geographic distance  decreased migration Population 1 Population 2 Population 3 AA AA AA AA AB AA AB AA AA BB AB BB BB BB BB AB BB BB AA AA BB AA AA AA AB AA AA

15. Discussion Local Characteristic Migration Drift Selection Mutation Migration Drift Selection Mutation Species Diversity Genetic Diversity These results are primarily governed by Drift!DiversityDivergencePrimaryHighLow SecondaryLowHigh

16. Discussion Implications: Future Studies: Uncertainty behind agricultural diversity Drift is a Force! The case in other systems?…Animals? Do species and genetic diversity recover at the same rate?

17. Questions