1. SADC Course in Statistics Adding a statistics package Module I3, Session 13

2. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 2 Learning Objectives Recognise the limitations of any software even Excel! Introduce statistics packages in general using Instat as a simple example Explain the reasons for adding a statistics package at this stage in the training Show how easy it is to use a statistics package hence give confidence to students that they could easily use another package later, if needed

3. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 3 Contents Review of use of Excel Problems with Excel for statistics all packages have limitations Adopting a flexible software strategy Why do more? Instat - an example of a statistics package What are statistics packages? Why were they scary? and are not now Practical, then brief discussion

4. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 4 Use of Excel for statistics Excel Used Excel for descriptive statistics tables and graphs exploration and summary Needed an add-in for effective use Summary of EXCEL for Statistics Data manipulation very good Pivot tables very good Graphics all right Very “visual” environment

5. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 5 Now need to do more Process multiple response questions Produce tables, with weights Cope with missing values and zeros Excel is reaching its limits It is a “jack of all trades” It is serving us well We can add other software to our “toolkit” And still use Excel when appropriate

6. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 6 Another problem with Excel Software should give the right answer We show that Excel did not – though SSC-Stat is OK Give the mean and standard deviation of: 12 3 4 5 mean = 3s.d. = 1.58 What is the mean and s.d. if we add 10? 1112131415 mean = 13s.d. = 1.58 again * Check you understand that this is true

7. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 7 Standard deviation in Excel 2000

8. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 8 Conclusions from this problem Some statisticians argued If answers were sometimes wrong, how can you trust Excel therefore use different software for statistical applications Our view Data where you see problems are very odd You should notice when you get such odd data So continue with Excel for descriptive statistics But switch to statistical software for more complex descriptive analyses and for modelling So introduce statistics packages at this point Earlier - SSC-Stat was a first example of a very, very simple statistics package

9. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 9 Mixing software This used to be difficult for statistical applications because transferring data was messy and each package had its own commands Now it is easy Windows software is all similar Menus and dialogues replace commands These dialogues are similar in most packages And similar to those already in SSC-Stat An example of a simple statistical package

10. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 10 A familiar dialogue in SSC-Stat There are similar dialogues in any statistics package

11. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 11 So A statistics package is introduced We use new software A simple package called Instat Designed as a first statistics package And to assist in teaching concepts In the next course –We introduce a more powerful statistics package –Probably STATA

12. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 12 Why Instat? A simple general statistics package and therefore easy to learn to use Designed to support teaching statistics To show the value of using the computer to support the teaching of statistics Designed as a “stepping stone” To show how easy it is to use any statistics package So you can easily add others when you need It has a special menu for the analysis of climatic data which is a component of this training You can distribute Instat freely in your country

13. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 13 Why Instat continued You also learn: It is easy to move from one Windows package to another This is useful in the next course, where you will use another statistics package Once you have used two statistics packages If later, you need to use further statistics packages you should find they are simple to learn hence you no longer need a special course And you can work with partners who use different packages

14. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 14 Spreadsheet view of data Results in different type of window Names for columns Data start in row 1 Key menus are Manage, Graphics, and Statistics - compare with SSC-Stat INSTAT Windows

15. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 15 What is a statistics package? It is essentially a column calculator like Excel when the data are in “list format” Some results are on the previous slide Menus are like those in SSC-Stat Manage, Graphics, and Statistics in Instat Manipulation, Visualisation and Analysis in SSC-Stat (Data, Graphics and Statistics in Stata) Other aspects of Instat See details of the previous slide

16. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 16 Practical work Instat should have been installed for you It comes with a tutorial And there is an extensive demonstration The first practical gives 2 options The tutorial for those who are more experienced The demonstration for those with less experience What you choose is up to you – and your staff! And then asks for your initial views Two things you liked Two things you did not like

17. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 17 Discussion Evaluate Instat –In its own right –And as an example of a statistics package –Also the demonstration exercise Consider –Ease of use –Potential for further work –Advantages and limitations compared to a spreadsheet

18. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 18 Initial views on Instat What were your likes?What were your dislikes?

19. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 19 Why were statistics packages scary? Instinctive Statistics is scary, so statistics packages must be scary too! They used to be All different - and users not experienced in computers Command driven –So you had to learn a language –Then you were tied to one package Data was difficult to transfer between packages Now All packages are in Windows, so easy to use Data easy to move between packages All similar, so easy to use any, once one is familiar Can be used in addition to Excel

20. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 20 Objectives: Can you now: Recognise all software has limitations even Excel!! Explain the reasons for adding a statistics package at this stage in the training See how easy a statistics package is to use hence have confidence that you could easily use another statistics package later, if needed

21. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 21 Further statistics packages For reference purposes we record some other statistics packages with their web sites Simple packages are as follows CSPRO, EpiInfo – mainly data entry, some statistics SSC-Stat, Instat used on these courses Front runners – if you need more Stata – good for surveys and statistics, reasonably priced Genstat – comprehensive, good for experiments, reasonably priced and “Discovery edition” free in Africa SPSS – very popular and excellent for surveys SAS – the other “industry standard”. R – very powerful, open source, becoming very popular There are more – see the slides

22. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 22 Statistical packages 1: S imple for statistics SOFTWAREWEBSITE AND COMMENTS CSPRO www.census.gov/ipc/www/cspro www.census.gov/ipc/www/cspro Package for entering, editing, tabulating, and mapping census and survey data. EPI INFO www.cdc.gov/epiinto www.cdc.gov/epiinto Package for entering and processing survey data (especially epidemiological studies), with some statistical facilities. INSTAT www.ssc.rdg.ac.uk/instat www.ssc.rdg.ac.uk/instat A package for training and promoting good statistical practice; includes special facilities for climatic data. SSC-STAT www.ssc.rdg.ac.uk/ssc-stat An EXCEL add-in for data manipulation and basic statistical work.

23. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 23 Statistical packages 2: Front runners PackageWebsite and comments GEN STAT www.vsn-intl.com/genstat www.vsn-intl.com/genstat General package noted for good statistical practice and the analysis of designed experiments. R www.r-project.org www.r-project.org An object-oriented, statistical programming language; open-source software giving access to cutting-edge statistics. SAS www.sas.com www.sas.com G eneral package, with a comprehensive system of components. SPSS www.spss.com www.spss.com General package, the standard choice for survey data processing. STATA www.stata.com www.stata.com G eneral package, noted for processing survey data.

24. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 24 Other statistical packages PackageWebsite and Comments MINITAB www.minitab.com www.minitab.com A general package for data analysis; popular in universities for teaching. MLWIN www.multilevel.ioe.ac.uk www.multilevel.ioe.ac.uk A package for fitting multilevel models for a variety of distributions. S-PLUS www.insightful.com A general package based on an object-oriented, statistical programming language. STATISTICA www.statsoftinc.com www.statsoftinc.com A general package with dynamically-linked graphics. WINBUGS www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs Sotware for Bayesian analysis of complex statistical models.

25. To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer 25 The next three sessions will give further practice in using Instat