1. Chapter 4 : Query Languages Baeza-Yates, 1999 Modern Information Retrieval

2. Outline Keyword-Based Querying Patten Matching Structural Queries Query Protocols Trends and Research Issues

3. Keyword-Based Querying A query is formulation of a user information need Keyword-based queries are popular 1. Single-Word Queries 2. Context Queries 3. Boolean Queries 4. Natural Language Data Retrieval Information Retrieval

4. Single-Word Queries A query is formulated by a word A document is formulated by long sequences of words A word is a sequence of letters surrounded by separators What are letters and separators? e.g, ’ on-line ’ The division of the text into words is not arbitrary

5. Context Queries Definition - Search words in a given context Types  Phrase >a sequence of single-word queries >e.g, enhance retrieval  Proximity >a sequence of single words or phrases, and a maximum allowed distance between them are specified >e.g,within distance (enhance, retrieval, 4) will match ‘… enhance the power of retrieval …’

6.  Definition  A syntax composed of atoms that retrieve documents, and of Boolean operators which work on their operands  e.g, translation AND syntax OR syntactic Fuzzy Boolean  Retrieve documents appearing in some operands (The AND may require it to appear in more operands than the OR) Boolean Queries

7. Natural Language Generalization of “ fuzzy Boolean ” A query is an enumeration of words and context queries All the documents matching a portion of the user query are retrieved

8. Pattern Matching Data retrieval A pattern is a set of syntactic features that must occur in a text segment Types  Words  Prefixes e.q ‘ comput ’ -> ’ computer ’, ’ computation ’, ’ computing ’,etc  Suffixes e.q ‘ ters ’ -> ’ computers ’, ’ testers ’, ’ painters ’,etc  Substrings e.q ‘ tal ’ -> ’ coastal ’, ’ talk ’, ’ metallic ’,etc  Ranges between ‘ held ’ and ‘ hold ’ -> ’ hoax ’ and ‘ hissing ’

9. Allowing errors Retrieve all text words which all ‘ similar ’ to the given word  edit distance: the minimum number of character insertions, deletions, and replacements needed to make two strings equal, e.q, ‘ flower ’ and ‘ flo wer ’  maximum allowed edit distance: query specifies the maximum number of allowed errors for a word to match the pattern

10. Regular expressions  union: if e 1 and e 2 are regular expressions, then(e 1 |e 2 ) matches what e 1 or e 2 matches  concatenation: if e 1 and e 2 are regular expressions, the occurrences of (e 1 e 2 ) are formed by the occurrences of e 1 immediately followed by those of e 2  repetition: if e is a regular expression, then (e*) matches a sequence of zero or more contiguous occurrence of e  ‘ pro(blem|tein)(s|є)(0|1|2)* ’ -> ’ problem2 ’ and ‘ proteins ’

11. Structural Queries Mixing contents and structure in queries - contents: words, phrases, or patterns - structural constraints: containment, proximity, or other restrictions on structural elements Three main structures - Fixed structure - Hypertext structure - Hierarchical structure

12. Fixed Structure Document:a fixed set of fields EX: a mail has a sender, a receiver, a date, a subject and a body field Search for the mails sent to a given person with “football” in the Subject field

13. A hypertext is a directed graph where nodes hold some text (text contents) the links represent connections between nodes or between positions inside nodes (structural connectivity) Hypertext

14. Hypertext : WebGlimpse WebGlimpse: combine browsing and searching on the Web

15. Hierarchical Structure

17. PAT Expressions Overlapped Lists Lists of References Proximal Nodes Tree Matching

18. Query Protocols Z39.50 WAIS (Wide Area Information Service)

19. Z39.50 American National Standard Information Retrieval Application Service Definition Can be implemented on any platform Query bibliographical information using a standard interface between the client and the host database manager Z39.50 protocol is part of WAIS

20. Z39.50 Brief history Z39.50-1988(version 1) Z39.50-1992(version 2) Z39.50-1995(version 3) Version 4, development began in Autumn 1995

21. Using Z39.50 over the WWW WWW ClientWWW Z39.50 Z39.50 Client Z39.50 Server Repository Digital library

22. WAIS (Wide Area Information Service) Beginning in the 1990s Query databases through the Internet

23. Trends and Research Issues ModelQueries allowed Boolean Vector Probabilistic BBN word,set operations words Relationship between types of queries and models

24. Query Language Taxonomy The types of queries covered and how they are structured

25. PAT Tree Expression The model allow for the areas of a region to overlap or nest

26. Overlapped Lists The model allow for the areas of a region to overlap, but not to nest It is not clear, whether overlapping is good or not for capturing the structural properties

27. Lists of References Overlap and nest are not allowed All elements must be of the same type,e.g only sections, or only paragraphs. A reference is a pointer to a region of the database.

28. Proximal Nodes This model tries to find a good compromise between expressiveness and efficiency. It does not define a specific language, but a model in which it is shown that a number of useful operators can be included achieving good efficiency.

29. Tree Matching The leaves of the query can be not only structural elements but also text patterns, meaning that the ancestor of the leaf must contain that pattern.