1. Field trip to Estabrook Woods Sat, Oct 10th (rainout day Sun the 11th) meet either: 1) in front of Maxwell-Dorkin at 7:45 for 8 am departure; or 2) at trail head on west side of Monument St. by 8:45 - email Julie to inform us if you are attending, where you will meet us, and if you can volunteer a car - bring lunch & beverage, binoculars (if able to), good cheer

2. EW

3. Estabrook Woods Vegetation Map Parking along left (west) side of Monument St.

4. Estabrook Woods Field Trip 1) trail walk: ecology of plant communities 2) sample two forest types: Write-up: - data organized by teaching staff into tables in Excel spreadsheet & posted on website - partially analyzed for you

5. Point Quarter Datasheet of Excel FieldTripData2007 file

7. Plot Datasheet of Excel FieldTripData2007 file

8. Pt-Qtr Calculations Datasheet of Excel FieldTripData2007 file

9. Plot Calculations Datasheet of Excel FieldTripData2007 file

10. Population Ecology & Interspecific Competition Population Ecology –Density-dependent effects on growth, birth and death rates –Life history patterns Interspecific Competition –Ecological effects of competition –Evolutionary effects of competition –Competition and community structure

11. Exponential & Logistic Population Growth r = b-d intrinsic rate of natural increase

12. Density-dependent birth and death rates determine K, the carrying capacity

13. Sea otters well below carrying capacity in a resource-rich environment: Washington coast: N =600; increasing 10%/yr (K approx. 2400)

14. “Sigmoidal” or Logistic Population Growth is expected in most populations: changes in density-dependent mortality or fecundity occur as population nears K Bacterium Lactobacillus annual Juncus modules Willow tree Salix What determines an organism’s K? (population density) Is this K variable from place to place & year to year?

15. Net recruitment curves as density increases towards K - defined as births - deaths brown trout fruit flies, experimental herring What population size allows greatest harvesting rate?

16. Life History Theory: -natural selection on “life history traits” influencing demographic variables -optimal life history evolves in ecological arena of selective pressures How long to live? (lifespan) Single bout of reproduction or many? (iteroparity/semelparity) Many flimsy offspring or a few robust ones? (allocation of reproductive effort into offspring size vs. litter size) Reproduce early or wait (and die later)? (age at first reproduction) How large to grow vs. allocate resources to reproduction? (allocation of resources into growth vs. reproduction)

17. Trade-off between growth and reproduction Douglas fir Pseudotsuga ragwort Senecio

18. Trade-off between offspring number vs. size in the Australian snake Austrelaps ramsayi Size of offspring (snout-vent length) vs. Litter size Residual refers to statistically controlling for effect of maternal size

19. r-selection where adult survivorship low or uncertain K-selection when adult survivorship high Allometry of life history traits: + correlations with body size lifespan, survivorship (but variable!) age at first reproduction, iteroparity offspring size - correlations with body size (lower value with increasing body size) litter size, fecundity Humans as relatively r-selected: does high reproductive rate, relative to other great apes, indicate evolutionary history of relatively high mortality?

20. Large organisms (trees) in K- selected habitats: a) iteroparous & low reproductive allocation b) large offspring c) delayed reproduction and long lifespans

21. Interspecific Competition Occurs when individuals of one species suffer reduction in fecundity, survivorship or growth because of exploitation of resources or interference by another species Therefore, these interactions affect population dynamics …and affect species distributions and evolution Therefore, competition influences the species composition of biological communities Competition in practice can have less impact than its potential Use of similar resources does not indicate competition is occurring, as resources may not be limiting to populations

22. Competitive exclusion in laboratory populations of two diatom species Synedra outcompetes Asterionella even when starting population is smaller Synedra Asterionella

23. Why are Dolly Varden charr found at higher altitudes in Japanese streams compared than White-spotted charr? Interference competition mediated by temperature-dependent aggressive behavior… but no evidence for dominance of DV charr at hi elevations (low temperature streams) Fundamental niche larger than realized niche: expanded range where only one species Sympatry Allopatry

24. Exploitative competition in Rocky Mountain Bombus: - when sympatric, specialize on preferred flower species - preference determined by feeding efficiency, matching proboscis length - the “realized niche” are the resources & conditions for a population to exist, grow and reproduce in presence of competing population

25. Niche partitioning between diatoms where Si or P limited resource

26. Most interspecific competition is asymmetric: intertidal barnacles …Balanaus outcompetes Chthamalus except in high dessication zone

27. Experimental removal of orange-crowned warblers resulted in 129% increase in Virginia warbler nestlings; and 78% reciprocally - hypothesized due to improved feeding efficiency …but instead due to preferred nest site competition and reduced predation

28. “Diffuse competition” between “guilds” of similar species with overlapping diet: - overlap in seed size use was experimentally demonstrated to constrain relative abundances (American SW desert)

29. Asymmetric & diffuse competition among Bornean frugivores

30. The Competitive Exclusion Principle Coexistence of species in a stable environment depends on differences in their realized niches –Without such differentiation, one species will exclude the other Pattern not always linked to process: Different niches does not necessarily imply past or present competition –(species may differ from other evolutionary causes) Close competitors may coexist because environmental disturbance rarely allows competitive exclusion Disregard the Lotka-Volterra competition equations as they make simplistic assumptions about individual and environmental homogeneity, … but these indicate that coexistence possible when niches vary

31. The sea palm Postelsia colonizes gaps in mussel beds, and coexists by ephemeral occupation of these patches - but coexist only if high rates of gap formation Poorer competitors but better colonizers