1. 1 Storage: Retaining Information Module 26

2. 2 Storage: Retaining Information  Sensory Memory  Working/Short-term Memory  Long-Term Memory  Storing Memories in the Brain

3. 3 Menu LO 6.2 Different models of how memory works

4. 4 Storage: Retaining Information At the heart of memory is storage. Three stores of memory are shown below: Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding RetrievalEncoding Events Retrieval

5. 5 Sensory Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding RetrievalEncoding Events Retrieval

6. 6 Figure 7.5 George Sperling (1960) flashed arrays like this on a screen for 50 milliseconds. After the display went off, a signal told the viewer which row to recite.

7. 7 Whole Report The exposure time for the stimulus is so small, that items cannot be rehearsed. R G T F M Q L Z S 50 ms (1/20 second) “Recall” R T M Z (44% recall) Sperling (1960)

8. 8 Partial Report Low Tone Medium Tone High Tone “Recall” J R S (100% recall) Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally thought. 50 ms (1/20 second) S X T J R S P K Y

9. 9 Time Delay “Recall” N _ _ (33% recall) Time Delay 50 ms (1/20 second) A D I N L V O G H Low Tone Medium Tone High Tone

10. 10 Sensory Memory The longer the delay the greater the memory loss. 20 40 60 80 Percent Recognized 0.15 0.300.50 1.00 Time (Seconds)

11. 11 Sensory Memories Iconic 0.5 sec. long Echoic 3-4 sec. long Hepatic < 1 sec. long Duration of sensory memory differs for different senses.

12. 12 Working Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding RetrievalEncoding Events Retrieval

13. 13 Working Memory Working memory, a new name for short-term memory, has limited capacity (7 ± 2 or 5-9 bits of information) and short duration (about 20 – 30 seconds). George Miller

14. 14 Chunking F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M Capacity of working memory may be increased by “Chunking.” FBI TWA CIA IBM 4 chunks

15. 15 Working Memory Duration

16. 16 Long-Term Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding RetrievalEncoding Events Retrieval

17. 17 Long-Term Memory Unlimited capacity store. Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of information (Landauer, 1986). The Clark’s nutcracker can locate 6,000 caches of buried pine seeds during winter and spring. R.J. Erwin/ Photo Researchers

18. 18 Memory Feats

19. 19 Memory Stores Feature Sensory Memory Working Memory LTM EncodingCopyPhonemicSemantic CapacityUnlimited 7±2 Bits of Info. Very Large Duration0.25 sec.20 sec.Years

20. 20 Storing Memories in the Brain 1.Wilder Penfield (1967) through electrical stimulation of the brain concluded that old memories were etched in the brain. 2.Loftus and Loftus (1980) reviewed Penfield's data and showed that only a handful of brain stimulated patients reported flashbacks. 3.Lashley (1950) using rats, suggested that even after removing parts of the brain the animals retained partial memory of the maze.

21. 21 Synaptic Changes Kandel and Schwartz (1982) Showed, in Aplysia (California sea snail), that serotonin release increased from neurons after conditioning. Photo: Scientific American

22. 22 Synaptic Changes Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) refers to synaptic enhancement after learning (lynch, 2002). Increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strengthening of synapses. Both Photos: From N. Toni et al., Nature, 402, Nov. 25 1999. Courtesy of Dominique Muller

23. 23 Stress Hormones & Memory Heightened emotions (stress related or otherwise) make for stronger memories. Continued stress can disrupt memory. Scott Barbour/ Getty Images

24. 24 Storing Implicit & Explicit Memories Explicit Memory refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. Implicit memory involves learning an action, and the individual does not know or declare what she knows.

25. 25 Hippocampus Hippocampus – a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories. Weidenfield & Nicolson archives

26. 26 No New Memories Anterograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia (HM) Surgery After losing his hippocampus in surgery, patient HM remembers everything before the operation but cannot make new memories. We call this anterograde amnesia. Memory Intact

27. 27 Implicit Memory HM learnt the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery. Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact that he has already played the game. HM is unable to make new memories that are declarative (explicit) but he can form new memories that are procedural (implicit). C B A

28. 28 Cerebellum Cerebellum – a neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories.