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Chapter 3 _2 Making the Connection: The Basics of Networking.

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1 Chapter 3 _2 Making the Connection: The Basics of Networking

2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-2 Far and Near: WAN and LAN Internet is a collection of Wide Area Networks (WAN), designed to send information between widely separated locations Local Area Networks (LAN) connect computers close enough to be linked by a single cable or wire pair –Ethernet is the main technology for LAN

3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-3 Ethernet Channel (wire, wire pair, or optical fiber) that winds past a set of computers Each computer is connected to the channel, allowing it to send a signal that can be detected by all computers connected to the channel Decentralized scheme: Each computer listens to the channel, and if it's quiet, it's free. The computer transmits unless another starts at the same time. In that case, both stop for a random time and then try again.

4 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-4 How does Ethernet work?

5 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-5 Connecting a Computer to the Internet By ISP: –Internet Service Providers sell connections to Internet (like AOL and Earthlink) –User plugs into telephone system or dedicated connection to ISP –Home computer talks to ISP's computer –ISP's computer is connected to Internet, and relays information for its customers

6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-6 Connecting a Computer to the Internet (cont'd) By Enterprise Network Connections (LAN): –Large networked organizations such as schools, businesses, or governmental units –The organization creates a LAN or intranet –The intranet connects to the Internet by a gateway –Information from a Web computer is sent across Internet, through gateway, across LAN to user's computer

7 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-7 How are devices on a network physically arranged? Star Topology Mesh Topology Bus Topology Ring Topology Tree Topology

8 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-8 How does data travel over a network?

9 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-9 While connected to your ISP, your call is routed through the telephone company’s local switch to the ISP Local Switch How does a dial-up connection work?

10 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-10 Modem – derived from modulate and demodulate Modulation – changing characteristics of a signal (digital to analog) Demodulation – changing signal back to original state (analog to digital) How does a modem work?

11 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-11 How can the cable TV system provide Internet access?

12 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-12 Lowest-capacity coaxial cable has far greater capacity than POTS lines Cable’s bandwidth is divided among 3 activities Are television and data signals carried over the same cable?

13 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-13 How does satellite access work?

14 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-14 Wireless Networks A variation on the LAN connection A computer (called the hub) is physically connected to the Internet The hub broadcasts and receives radio frequency (rf) signals Mobile computers also send and receive signals The hub relays Internet requests for the networked computers

15 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-15 The World Wide Web Web servers: Computers programmed to send files to browsers running on other computers connected to the Internet Web servers and their files make up the World Wide Web The World Wide Web is a subset of the Internet

16 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-16 Requesting a Web Page Web request creates a client/server interaction Universal Resource Locator (URL) has three main parts 1.Protocol: http:// Hypertext Transfer Protocol Tells the computer how to handle the file 2.Server computer's name: Server's IP address given by the domain hierarchy 3.Page's pathname: Tells the server which file (page) is requested and where to find it.

17 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-17 Describing a Web Page Pages are stored as a description of how they should appear on the screen Web browser created the image from the description file –Browser can adapt the source image more easily

18 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-18 Hypertext Hypertext Markup Language (HTTP) Markup languages describe the layout of a document –Margin width –Font –Text style –Image placement –Etc. Hypertext provides a way to jump from point to point in documents (non-linear) Combination of hypertext with markup language lets us build nonlinear documents for the dynamic and interconnected Net and Web

19 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-19 The Internet and the Web When is the "www" required and when is it optional? WWW is just a name; web pages do not have to use it In order for DNS to work, user must give the exact domain name To help users reach them, organizations do two things: 1.Redirection: browser inserts the "www" 2.Registering multiple domain names –Museum of Modern Art has registered both "moma.org" and "www.moma.org" to the same IP address

20 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-20 File Structure Directory, or folder, is a named collection of files, other directories, or both Directory Hierarchy: Directories can contain other directories, which can contain other directories, etc. –Down, or lower in the hierarchy, means moving into subdirectories –Up, or higher in the hierarchy, means into enclosing directories

21 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-21 File Structure (cont'd) Part of the directory hierarchy is shown in the pathnames of URL's. http://www.nasm.si.edu/galleries/ga1100/pioneer.html Page is given by pathname: /galleries/ga1100/pioneer.html Each time we pass a slash (/), we move into a subdirectory or into the file (lower in the hierarchy)

22 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-22 Organizing the Directory List or index files in a directory Because index linking to the files in a directory is common, browsers look for it automatically –When a URL ends in a slash, the browser looks for a file called index.html in that directory Why are hierarchies important? –People use them to organize their thinking and work –Directories are free; there is no reason not to use them

23 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-23

24 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-24

25 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-25

26 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-26

27 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-27

28 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-28

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