1. Why Protect A Dying Leaf?
Chapter 42 Opener
Each fall color has a purpose, but scientists are still investigating the function of red anthocyanin pigments, which are synthesized just before the leaf drops.
Why Protect A Dying Leaf?

2. Chapter #42 – Plant Anatomy & Nutrient Transport
7th Edition in Audesirk, Audesirk, and Byers
Chapter #24 – Plant Anatomy & Nutrient Transport
How Are Plant Bodies Organized; How Do They Grow? p. 860
The Tissues and Cell Types of Plants? p. 862
The Structures, Functions of Leaves, Roots, & Stems? p. 865
How Do Plants Acquire Mineral Nutrients? p. 873
How Do Plants Move Water Upward from Roots to Leaves? p. 876

3. Plant Anatomy Systems and Tissues
How Are Plant Bodies Organized, and How Do They Grow?
Flowering Plants Consist of a Root System and a Shoot System.
As Plants Grow, Meristem Cells Give Rise to Differentiated Cells.

4. The Art and Science of Living
Survive (live)
Support the body
Obtain water & nutrients
Transport water & nutrients
Obtain energy
Grow and Develop
Exchange gases ?
FIGURE 42-1 Dicot flowering plant structures and functions
Protection from Herbivory
Reproduce

5. Angiosperms (Monocots and Dicots)
Flowering plants (called Angiosperms) are divided into two groups (monocots and dicots) based on the structure of their flowers, leaves, vascular tissue, roots, and seeds.
Largest phylum of living plants.
250,000 + species.
Seeds enclosed by fruits.

6. [Family, Theophrastaceae]
Theophrastus
(370 – 286 B.C.)
Father of Botany. Author of the oldest treatise on pure botany, Historia Plantarum, in which he described about 480 kinds of plants.
[Family, Theophrastaceae]

7. Carl Linnaeus
( )
Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus was the first to formalize the use of higher taxa in his book Systema Naturae (1735), establishing the standard hierarchy taxonomy still in use today. In addition, Linnaeus devised logical rules to classify species that continued to be used by scientists for over 200 years.

8. Plant Anatomy Roots & Shoots
Root and shoot systems are made up of basic plant organs: roots, leaves, stems, flowers.
FIGURE 42-1 Dicot flowering plant structures and functions

9. Root System Functions Anchor plant. Absorb water and minerals.
Store sugar as starch.
Transport materials
Produce some hormones.
Interact with soil microbes.

10. Shoot System Functions
Photosynthesis (primarily in leaves)
Transport of materials (water, minerals, sugars, and hormones among leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots)
Reproduction
Hormone synthesis

11. Structure is used in classification
Angiosperms (Monocots and Dicots)
Structure is used in classification
Monocots have one cotyledon (seed leaf)
e.g. grasses, lilies, palms, orchids
Dicots have two cotyledons (seed leaves)
e.g. deciduous trees (drop leaves
in winter), bushes, many garden flowers

12. Flowers Monocots: flower parts in 3’s
Dicots: flower parts in 4’s, 5’s, 6’s

13. Leaves Monocots: parallel veins in leaves
Dicots: network of veins in the leaves

14. Stems Monocots: small vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem.
Dicots: large vascular bundles arranged in a ring around the stem.

15. Roots Monocots: fibrous root system with no main tap root.
Dicots: Main tap root, with smaller side roots branching off.

16. Seeds
Monocots: single cotyledon; endosperm and cotyledon are separate.
Dicots: two cotyledons; endosperm is contained in the cotyledon.

17. Plant Tissues  Dermal Tissue  Ground Tissue  Vascular Tissue
- Epidermis
- Periderm
 Ground Tissue
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
 Vascular Tissue
- Xylem
- Phloem

18. Dermal Tissue: Epidermis
Covers flowers, seeds, fruit.
Secretes a waxy substance called cuticle (cuticular membrane - hydrophobic) as waterproofing.
May produce special structures such as hairs (root hairs). Why?

19. Dermal Tissue: Periderm
Replaces epidermis on roots and stems of woody plants with age.
Composed mainly of thick, waterproof cork cells.
Protects stems and roots.
Anchor system (doesn’t absorb water & minerals).

20. Plant Tissues Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
FIGURE 42-5 The structure of ground tissue
(a) Parenchyma cells are living and serve many functions. They have thin, flexible primary cell walls. These parenchyma cells are used for starch storage in a potato. (b) Collenchyma cells are living and have thickened, but somewhat flexible, primary walls. They help support the plant body (as seen in this celery stalk). (c) Sclerenchyma cells have thick, rigid secondary cell walls and die after they differentiate. Illustrated are "stone cells" that give pear fruit its slightly gritty texture.

21. Ground Tissue: Parenchyma
Non-dermal, non-vascular.
Thin-walled cells
Alive at maturity
Many functions, including photosynthesis, starch storage, hormone production.

22. Ground Tissue: Collenchyma
Flexible support tissue.
Elongated cells with irregular shapes and unevenly thickened walls.
Living at maturity.

23. Ground Tissue: Sclerenchyma
Support tissue.
Elongated cells with thick cell walls.
Dead at maturity.
Forms long fibers, or smaller sclerids (such as stone cells in pears).

24. Vascular Tissue: Xylem
Sclerenchyma fibers
Long, tube-like cells, joined end-to-end, that transport water and minerals from soil to leaves.
Two types of cells: tracheids (in conifers) and vessel elements (in flowering plants).

25. Vascular Tissue: Phloem
Tissue that transports dissolved sugars (sap) in a plant.
Two types of cells:
Sieve tubes (alive but no nucleus)
Companion cells

26. In Review
Monocots

27. In Review
Dicots

28. Why Protect A Dying Leaf?
Chapter 42 Opener
Each fall color has a purpose, but scientists are still investigating the function of red anthocyanin pigments, which are synthesized just before the leaf drops.
Why Protect A Dying Leaf?