1. 1 Pertemuan 11 Cause Effect 2 Matakuliah: Writing III Tahun: 2006-2007 Versi: 3

2. 2 Learning Outcomes By the end of this session the students are expected to be able to –Use transition signals –Write the conclusion –Implement the language of cause-effect

3. 3 Outline of the materials Using transitions to indicate organisation of paragraphs Writing Conclusions The language of cause-effect

4. 4 Paragraph Organisation When you organize your supporting points, it is better to arrange them according to time order, or in the order of importance. Transitions to signal –Time order: first, first of all, then, after that, finally… –A sequence: one reason is, another reason/result …

5. 5 Concluding paragraph You can choose some of the strategies for writing a conclusion: –Summary  repeat key points to remind the readers –Suggestion  give suggestion to solve the problem –Prediction  Predict/warn on what happens in the future –Opinion  offer your own perspective

6. 6 The Language of Cause-effect Nouns and Verbs: NounsVerbs cause reason factor result effect cause result in lead to affect

7. 7 Nouns and Verbs 1. Nouns referring to a cause The reason I took English composition class is… The cause of the landslide was the heavy rain. There are two factors influencing the slowing down of Indonesian economy. One factor is …. The second factor is…. 2. Nouns that refer to an effect the result/effect of the company’s expansion was an increase in profit Caution: the word result is used when there is a direct or obvious cause- effect relationship. But when the cause and effect relationship is indirect, use the word effect.

8. 8 3. Cause-effect verbs + nouns/noun phrases The election of the president caused excitement.  direct result The election of the new president led to/ resulted in economic growth.  less direct or delayed result

9. 9 Other patterns: The election caused people to celebrate. (cause + someone/something+ infinitive) The election led to/resulted in Parliament writing new laws. ( lead to/resulted in +someone/thing + gerund )

10. 10 Vocabulary and Structures Some structures are followed by a cause and some by an effect Followed by a cause Coordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions Prepositions for because since as due to because of as a result of

11. 11 The verb affect is followed by the person/thing that experiences the result. e.g. The war affected the economy. The war affected the lives of many people. Followed by an effect Verbs Transition words Coordinating conjunctions cause lead to result in therefore consequently so

12. 12 Conclusions The cause-effect essay can be arranged in in the order of time, or in the order of importance. The conclusion of a cause-effect essay can be in the forms of summary, suggestion, prediction or opinion. There are special words and certain structures to show the relationship between the causes and the effects.