1. Slide 1 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Focused History and Physical Examination of the Medical Patient Chapter 11

2. Slide 2 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Case History On arrival at a nursing home, you find an alert, 65-year-old male complaining of chest pain and shortness of breath that has been present for 5 hours. The staff informs you that this patient arrived today and they do not have any information about him. On arrival at a nursing home, you find an alert, 65-year-old male complaining of chest pain and shortness of breath that has been present for 5 hours. The staff informs you that this patient arrived today and they do not have any information about him.

3. Slide 3 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Scope of History  History is key to assessment of the medical patient.  Points to areas of the body that require physical examination  Provides clues to preexisting conditions  Patients with no prior history of medical problems need to have their condition explored to identify the underlying problem.

4. Slide 4 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Scope of History  Patients with known history may be aware of the probable cause of their condition.  Examples Asthma Asthma Heart disease Heart disease COPD COPD  The extent of history and scope of the physical exam will vary among patients.

5. Slide 5 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Responsive Patients  Sequence for responsive patients  Obtain the SAMPLE history.  Perform a physical examination focused on chief complaint.  Obtain baseline vital signs.

6. Slide 6 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Unresponsive Patients  Rapidly assess all body regions.  Obtain baseline vital signs.  Obtain SAMPLE history from family or bystanders.

7. Slide 7 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chief Complaint  Expression of the patient’s main problem in his own words  “I feel terrible chest pain.”  “I feel short of breath.”  “ I have a severe pain in my abdomen.”

8. Slide 8 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Assess History of Present Illness  Expands on the chief complaint  Systematic questions  O-P-Q-R-S-T approach

9. Slide 9 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Assess SAMPLE History  S igns and symptoms  A llergies  M edications  P ast medical history  L ast oral intake  E vents leading up to incident

10. Slide 10 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. S ymptoms — Questions About the History of Present Illness  O nset  P rovocation  Q uality  R adiation  S everity  T ime

11. Slide 11 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Assess Complaints O nset   Ask the patient to describe when the complaint first occurred.   What was the patient’s activity at the time of onset?   Running, walking, sitting, driving, etc.   In which order did signs and symptoms appear?   “I have been short of breath for 2 hours.”   “I developed chest pain and nausea 30 minutes ago.”

12. Slide 12 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Assess Complaints P rovocation  What makes the symptoms worse?  What makes the symptoms better?  Examples  “The pain increases when I walk.”  “My abdominal pain decreased after I took an antacid.”  “Lying flat makes my breathing worse.”  It is easier to breathe when I sit up.”

13. Slide 13 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Assess Complaints Q uality  Description of symptoms in patient’s own words  Examples  “The chest pain feels like someone is sitting on my chest.”  “It feels like a sharp, stabbing pain in my lower abdomen.”  “It feels like a tearing sensation in my chest and back.”

14. Slide 14 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Assess Complaints R adiation  Pain may spread from one area to another.  Ask the patient whether the pain travels.  Examples  Heart attack pain may travel to the arms, neck or jaw  Spleen injuries may cause pain in the shoulder  Appendicitis may cause pain around the umbilicus (belly button).

15. Slide 15 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Assess Complaints S everity  Ask the patient to describe severity of pain on a scale of 1 to 10.  10 being the worst  1 being the least  During reassessment, have the patient rate the pain again.  This can show trends in relation to treatment (e.g., oxygen). Worst Least 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

16. Slide 16 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Assess Complaints T ime  Duration of significant signs and symptoms  Examples  “I have had the pain for the past 2 hours.”  “My breathing has been getting worse over the past hour.”

17. Slide 17 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SAMPLE History A llergies  Ask patients if they have any allergies.  Examples Foods Foods Medications Medications Bee stings Bee stings  Allergy history is critical to identifying possible causes since treatments may cause allergic reaction.

18. Slide 18 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SAMPLE History M edications  Medications may provide a clue to the cause of the condition.  Medications may be the cause of the condition.  Medications may alter vital signs and may confuse assessment.  Drugs may lower blood pressure or slow pulse rate.

19. Slide 19 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SAMPLE History P ast Medical History  May provide valuable clues to the underlying condition  In adults, always ask about  High blood pressure  Heart disease  Diabetes  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

20. Slide 20 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SAMPLE History L ast Oral Intake  When did the patient last eat?  Particularly important for patients with diabetes  When did the patient last drink?  Also note compliance (or lack of compliance) in taking prescribed medications.

21. Slide 21 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SAMPLE History E vents Leading to Present Illness  Ascertain the chronology of events leading to the call for help.  Determine whether the patient has had any recent trauma.  Example A patient found unresponsive may have experienced head injury days or months before. A patient found unresponsive may have experienced head injury days or months before.

22. Slide 22 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Unresponsive Medical Patients Unresponsive medical patients or patients with altered mental status require a rapid assessment similar to a rapid trauma assessment to ensure trauma is not playing an underlying role.

23. Slide 23 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Assessment  Head  DCAP-BTLS  Crepitation  Careful palpation to avoid injury to brain

24. Slide 24 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Assessment  Neck  DCAP-BTLS  Crepitation  Subcutaneous emphysema  Jugular venous distention  Tracheal shift

25. Slide 25 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Assessment  Chest  DCAP-BTLS  Breath sounds  Paradoxical breathing

26. Slide 26 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Assessment  Abdomen  DCAP-BTLS  Firm vs. soft  Distended

27. Slide 27 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Assessment  Pelvis  DCAP-BTLS  Crepitation  Tenderness  Motion

28. Slide 28 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Assessment  Lower Extremities  DCAP-BTLS  Distal pulse

29. Slide 29 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Assessment  Lower Extremities  Sensation  Motor function

30. Slide 30 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Assessment  Upper Extremities  DCAP-BTLS  Distal pulse

31. Slide 31 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Assessment  Upper Extremities  Sensation  Motor function

32. Slide 32 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Assessment  Back  DCAP-BTLS  Look for exit wounds with penetrating trauma.

33. Slide 33 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Unresponsive Medical Patient  Rapid assessment  SAMPLE history  Baseline vital signs

34. Slide 34 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SAMPLE History  Bystander  Family  Friends

35. Slide 35 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Assess Baseline Vital Signs  Pulse  Respirations  Blood pressure  Temperature

36. Slide 36 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Provide Emergency Medical Care  Based on signs and symptoms  In consultation with medical direction

37. Slide 37 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Respecting Privacy and Autonomy  Be sensitive to a patient’s right to privacy during questioning and physical examination.  Be sure to tell patient what you are going to do before you do it.  Gather cooperation  Patient consent

38. Slide 38 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Summary  History is a key aspect in the assessment of medical patients.  Responsive patients require a focused examination.  Unresponsive patients require a rapid assessment.