1. CSS: Cascading Style Sheets

2. What are Style Sheets A style sheet is a mechanism that allows to specify how HTML (/XHTML/XML) pages should look The style is specified by style rules The style rules appear either in the document or in external files, called style sheets

3. Style Sheets Usually, a file that ends with.css For example: - i.a.cnn.net/cnn/.element/ssi/css/1.1/main.css (CNN) - http://www.huji.ac.il/styles/style.css (HUJI) To attach a style sheet to an HTML file, add to the head

4. Without a style sheet

5. Simple Example A Joke A joke A mama tomato, a papa tomato and a baby tomato are walking down the street. The baby tomato keeps falling behind so the papa tomato goes back, steps on the baby tomato and says, ketchup ("Catch-up!").

7. Style File: joke.css body { background-image: url("bg.gif"); } h1 { background-color: green; color: rgb(250, 200, 250); /* pink */ font-family: cursive } p { background-color: yellow; color: purple; font-size: 200%;}

8. Simple Example (with css) A Joke A joke A mama tomato, a papa tomato and a baby tomato are walking down the street. The baby tomato keeps falling behind so the papa tomato goes back, steps on the baby tomato and says, ketchup ("Catch-up!").

10. Why do we Need a Style Sheet? In XHTML (or HTML 4.01), styling is very limited, hence style sheets are necessary -Transitional versions are richer in style Separates content from style Reduces download time (how?) Allows to easily maintain a consistent appearance over a whole Web site (how?)

11. Style Rules h1 { color: purple; font-family: Impact, Arial Black; font-size-adjust:.46; font-size: 2.33em; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing:normal !important; letter-spacing:normal; text-transform: none; } Declaration Property Value(s) Selector “ important ” rule

12. Style Rules (cont) A rule has the following form selector {declaration block} The selector determines when the rule is applied For example, the following rule applies to text that is inside a tag p {color: green; font-size: 1.5em; font-style: italic}

13. What Kind of Properties can a CSS Style Sheet Change? Style properties Layout properties There are many properties and many possible values -We will not cover all of them here -Look in the Web !!! -A good source: http://www.w3schools.com/csshttp://www.w3schools.com/css

14. Style Properties

15. Our Examples We use the following HTML example: This is our example for css. The tag is used to group elements for formatting with styles -Extremely useful tag...

16. Font Properties Font properties: family, size, weight, style, variant,... span { font-family: courier; font-size: 130%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold}

17. Text Properties Text properties: color, transform, decoration, … span { color: #00cc00; text-decoration: line-through; text-transform: uppercase}

18. Background Properties Background properties: background-color, background-image, … span {background-color: #00ff00} span {background-image: url('bg.gif');}

19. Layout Properties

20. Page Layout Each HTML element defines a layer (rectangular box) that is placed in some location on the page Layers are nested with correspondence to the nesting of their elements

21. Inline vs. Block Elements There are two type of elements: Block elements: p, ol, table, div, h1, etc. Inline elements: b, i, a, span, cite, etc. Layers of block elements are separated from their adjacent elements (i.e., a new line before and after), while inline elements are not You can turn a block into an inline and vice-versa, using the display property, e.g., h1 { display: inline }

22. Positioning Elements Using CSS, you can define the position of an element inside its parent layer For that, use the properties position, left, right, top and bottom span { position:relative; left: 1cm; top: 1cm; color: #00cc00;}

23. Position Types But 1cm left to what?? For that, we have the position property Four position types: - static : the default position - absolute : relative to the parent layer coordinates - relative : relative to the static position - fixed : relative to the window coordinates

24. Position Examples span { position:absolute; left: 1cm; top: 1cm; color: #00cc00;} span { position:fixed; left: 1cm; top: 1cm; color: #00cc00;}

25. Position Examples span { position:static; left: 1cm; top: 1cm; color: #00cc00;} Totally Ignored! This is the default position type

26. More Layout Properties Layer properties - margin-top (-bottom, -left, -right) - padding-top (-bottom, -left, -right) - border-width (-color, -style, … ) Text Layout - direction, word-spacing, white-space, letter- spacing, line-height, text-align, text-indent, …

27. Length Units CSS has several types of length units: - em, ex : height of current fonts - px, in, cm, mm, pt, pc : international units - % : ratio of parent’s respective dimension A page should remain a proper layout when windows (and even fonts) resize -Hence, do not assume anything about default sizes

28. Selector Types

29. Several Kinds of Selectors Type Selectors Class Selectors ID Selectors Attribute Selectors Universal Selector Child Selectors Adjacent-Sibling Selectors Descendant Selectors Pseudo-Class Selectors Pseudo-Element Selectors Not supported by IE 5, 5.5 and 6

30. Type Selector A type selector is the name of an element type A type selector matches every instance of the element type LI {color: red; font-size: 16px} Matches: An item Another item

31. Class Selector A class selector is a selector of the form x.y It matches x s that have the class attribute with value y LI.reditem {color: red} Matches: An item Another item.reditem { color: red} will also work!

32. ID Selectors IDs are identical to classes, except that there can only be one element with a given ID in a document LI#23 {color: red} Matches: An item Another item #23 { color: red} will also work!

33. Attribute Selectors p[ attribute ] -matches p when attribute is set to any value p[title=intro] or p[title="intro"] (the quotes are optional) -matches p when its title attribute is set to “ intro ” p[class~=green] -matches p when the class attribute value includes the word “ green ”

34. Universal Selector The universal selector matches every element The following rule means that all the text will have a size of 40px * {font-size: 40px }

35. Descendant Selector A descendant selector has the form S 1 S 2 where S 1 and S 2 are selectors It matches all elements that -match S 2, and - are descendants (nested in) elements that match S 1

36. An Example.href em {color: blue} Matches: This is not blue. This is blue and so is this. What will this match? p em {color: blue}

37. Pseudo-Classes Pseudo class selectors are similar to class selectors, but they match states rather than class values -For example, a link can be in the states: visited, active, mouse-over (“hover”), etc. -Another example: a text-area can be focused

38. Examples of Rules for Pseudo-Classes A:link {color: blue} A:visited {color: purple} A:hover {font-size: 1.5em} A:active {color: red} INPUT:focus {background-color: yellow}

39. Grouping Selectors We can group several declarations by specifying several selectors, separated by commas For example, the following rule applies to all elements that match either H1, P B, or H2[class=largehead] P B, H1, H2.largehead {font-size: 120%}

40. Inserting Style to a Page

41. Inline Styles In an inline style, the declaration block appear as the value of the attribute style of the element Almost every tag can have the style attribute -exceptional: base, head, html, meta, param, script, style and title This text will be shown in italic green and the size will be 1.5 times the current font size

42. Document-Level Style body {color: red; background: skyblue;} h1 { color: blue }...

43. Imported Style Sheets The @import rule imports the style rules of another style sheet Usage: @import url(file.css) Several import rules may appear at the beginning of the style sheet Import rules can appear in embedded style sheets or in external style sheets

44. Imported Style Sheets Why do we need the import command? @import url(general.css); body { color: red; background:skyblue } h1 { color: blue } An Example:

45. Inheritance and Cascading

46. Inheritance of Properties Consider a property of an element that does not match any rule For some properties (inherited properties), the computed value of this property is inherited from the parent of the element For example, color, font and word-spacing are inherited Yet border, margin and padding are not!

47. An Example Given the rules: - body { font-size: 10pt } - h1 { font-size: 120% } What will be the font size of the element? A large heading Computed Value: 12pt

48. Cascading of Styles CSS merges style rules from different places (inline, document-level, linked and defaults) Different places may have conflicting style rules -conflicts may even arise in a single source The process of merging (cascading) styles from different places determines which style rules have higher priority

49. Determining Property Values Suppose that we would like to determine the value of property p for element e Choose all declarations that have a selector that matches e and have the property p Choose the first declaration in the cascading order, and apply the corresponding rule

50. Cascading Order The cascading order of declarations: 1.Primary sort: importance of origin 2.Secondary sort: specificity of selectors 3.Final sort: order of appearance

51. Importance of Origin There are two rule origins: author and browser (either defaults or user customizations) browser !important rules author !important rules author rules browser rules

52. Specificity of Selectors is rule in style attribute? number of ID attributes number of attributes and pseudo-classes number of element names

53. An Example Consider the following rules: - li {…} - #x34y {…} - ul ol li.red {…} Which is the most specific?

54. Order of Appearance If two rules have the same origin importance and specificity, then the one that appears last in the style sheet overrides the others Rules in imported style sheets (@import) are considered to appear before local rules