1. Manton Matthews Department of Computer Sc. & Engr. Scholar’s Day April 5, 2008 How computers think; but do they understand?

2. – 2 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 What is Thinking? Merriam-Webster Definitions  Thinking- The action of using one’s mind to produce thoughts  Can a machine think? http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/

3. – 3 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 What is Intelligence? 1.the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations 2.the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria (as tests) http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/

4. – 4 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Computers Acting Intelligently Interacting with humans Interacting with humans Analyzing situations and making appropriate decisions Analyzing situations and making appropriate decisions

5. – 5 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Examples of Intelligence? Interact with customers in a business Worker must be able to: Understand customer’s wishes Address the request Maybe handle the details of the sale

6. – 6 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 More Specifically a Bank Teller Teller must be able to: Understand customer’s wishes Count checks/money Give cash and receipts to the customer

7. – 7 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Computer Bank Teller Teller must be able to: Understand customer’s wishes Count checks/money Give cash and receipts to the customer

8. – 8 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Chess Player “chess is gymnastics of the mind”

9. – 9 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Evolution of Chess Playing Computers

10. – 10 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Deep Blue defeats World Chess Champion "You have to be on full guard every move of the game, which means it is more exhausting. I think Deep Blue is stronger than all but a handful of top human players." - Garry Kasparov

11. – 11 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Aibo.

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13. – 13 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Examples of Aibo’s “thinking”  Waking up on back (1:14)  Picking up the Aibone (= Aibo’s bone) (3:03/2:00)  Aibo juggling ball (3:51/2:12)  Aibo ball balancing trick (5:05/1:42)  Time for rest and recharge. (1:26)  Solving a maze (2:59)  Following Directions  Remote photographer

14. – 14 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Aibo’s “maze solving” Aibo’s sensors: Solve a maze:  Walk forward till we sense an obstacle  Pan head from left to right looking for longest distance that is unobstructed  Turn that direction and repeat 1-3 Else if all directions obstructed turn 180 degrees and repeat 1-3

15. – 15 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Email me a photo! x

16. – 16 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Star Trek’s Doctor Why consider him here? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(Star_Trek)

17. – 17 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Practical Computers Acting Intelligently Expect computers to do some things well (even better than a human):  Number crunching  Combinatorial search (chess)  … But how about tasks requiring subjective judgment? Example: Predict success of a student in a training program  1955 Paul Meehl showed simple statistical learning algorithms out performed experts in 19 or 20 studies Since 1999 ETS has used a program to grade essay questions on the GMAT, 97% agreement with human expert graders (the same as with other human experts)

18. – 18 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Alan Turing 1912 (23 June): Birth, Paddington, London 1931-34: Undergraduate at King's College, Cambridge University 1932-35: Quantum mechanics, probability, logic 1935: Elected fellow of King's College, Cambridge 1936: The Turing machine, computability, universal machine 1936-38: Princeton University. Ph.D. Logic, algebra, number theory 1938-39: Return to Cambridge. Introduced to German Enigma cipher machine 1939-40: The Bombe, machine for Enigma decryption 1939-42: Breaking of U-boat Enigma, saving battle of the Atlantic 1943-45: Chief Anglo-American crypto consultant. Electronic work. 1945: National Physical Laboratory, London 1946: Computer and software design leading the world. 1947-48: Programming, neural nets, and artificial intelligence 1950: The Turing Test for machine intelligence 1954: Death (suicide) by cyanide poisoning

19. – 19 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Turing’s Imitation Game Version 1  Three participants A,B and the interrogator  One of A and B is a woman, the other a man  In separate rooms, communicate only through terminal  Assuming the man tries to fool the interrogator, can he still identify the woman? Version 2  Replace the man with a computer. Turing’s claim: If the computer can make the interrogator miss 50% of the time, then the computer has acted intelligently.

20. – 20 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Loebner Prize The Loebner Prize is an annual competition that awards prizes to the Chatterbot considered by the judges to be the most humanlike ChatterbothumanlikeChatterbothumanlike

21. – 21 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 John SearleJohn Searle's Chinese room Chinese room John SearleChinese room John SearleJohn Searle's Chinese room Chinese room John SearleChinese room   Thought experiment By John Searle 1980   to show that a symbol processing machine like a computer can never be properly described as understanding   Suppose a computer that behaves as if it understands Chinese so well it passes the Turing Test   Chinese characters  program  Chinese response   means pages with the characters are slid under the door   Now suppose Searle is in the room reading a book in English that has the program instructions in it And he follows them to produce the output character

22. – 22 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 But can a computer understand? Circle of terms revisited  Intelligence  Think  Understand  Mind  Conscious This is the realm of philosophers!

23. – 23 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Weak AI vs Strong AI Weak AI hypothesis: It is possible for a machine to act intelligently or even less objectionable “to act as if it were intelligent.” Strong AI hypothesis It is possible for a machine to actually think; to understand; to be conscious;

24. – 24 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Examples of Quirkiness in Meanings Consider the definitions of two forms of locomotion: flying through the air and swimming through water. Fly - 1 a: to move in or pass through the air with wings Fly - 1 a: to move in or pass through the air with wings So airplanes fly Swim - 1 a: to propel oneself in water by natural means (as movements of the limbs, fins, or tail) Swim - 1 a: to propel oneself in water by natural means (as movements of the limbs, fins, or tail) But boats don’t swim Norvig and Rusell: AI a Modern Approach

25. – 25 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 So now do we agree? Computer can act intelligently but they can’t understand.

26. – 26 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 The Human Mind How do humans: think think remember remember understand understand

27. – 27 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Your Brain  100 billion nerve cells, neurons  Interconnections  Neurons have:  Cell body  Axon  Dendrites  Synapses  Neuro-transmitters  They stimulate each other by “firing”

28. – 28 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 http://health.howstuffworks.com/brain1.htm

29. – 29 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Neurons Firing Neurons that fire together get better at it; they form associations The Brain Fitness Program

30. – 30 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Hebb’s Law Donald Hebb a Neuro-psychologist (1949) “When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased. “When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.” "Neurons that fire together wire together."

31. – 31 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Organic vs Inorganic Chemistry  1828 Wohler wrote "I must tell you that I can make urea without the use of kidneys, either man or dog. Ammonium cyanate is urea." "I must tell you that I can make urea without the use of kidneys, either man or dog. Ammonium cyanate is urea."  “This organic synthesis dealt a severe blow to a widespread belief called ‘vitalism’ which maintained that organic chemicals could be modified by chemistry but could only be produced through the agency of a vital force present in living plants and animals.” http://www.3rd1000.com/urea/urea.htm

32. – 32 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Organic vs Inorganic Minds Can we build an artificial Neuron? Not yet certainly Not yet certainly But artificial hearts, … But artificial hearts, … Suppose we could and further suppose that we could replace one in the brain And replace another … Did that mind lose its ability to understand when we replaced the first artificial neuron? the 2 nd ? … the last

33. – 33 –Scholar’s Day April 2008 Moore’s Law 1965 for next 10 years The number of transistors in an Integrated Circuit is doubling approximately every two years http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_law

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