1. Biosecurity for Dairy Producers Angie Dement Extension Associate for Veterinary Medicine Texas AgriLife Extension Service College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M System College Station, TX 77843 http://aevm.tamu.edu

3. What is biosecurity?  Best management practices that prevent infectious diseases from being introduced into a herd or flock.

4. Epidemiology of Disease Epidemiology  Study of the way disease is distributed in populations and factors that influence or determine the distribution Exposure Immunity

5. Means of Transmission  Direct Susceptible animals come into direct or close contact with an infected, contagious animal  Indirect Animals come into contact with infected or contaminated animate vectors, inanimate vehicles and environmental fomites

6. Routes of Transmission  Aerosol inhalation  Oral  Reproductive  Skin contact  Blood

7. Sources  Carrier/Reservoir Animals Aerosol Droplets Nasal Fluid Ocular Fluid Saliva Manure Urine Milk Fetal Fluid In-Utero Genital Fluid Blood Carcass

8.  Vectors Ticks Flies Mosquitoes Scavengers

9.  Vehicles Instruments  Needle  Ear tagger  Tattooer  Dehorner  Nose tong  Knife Utensils  Bucket  Trough

10.  Environment Soil Water Food

11. Exposures  Susceptible animals Mouth Nose Eyes Skin Teats Vagina Prepuce Transplacental Venereal Blood

12. Immunity Definition  Animal’s ability to resist a disease Types  Natural  Active  Passive

13. Vaccinations Prevent disease Provide antibodies

14. Work with veterinarian Follow label  Dosage  Storage Needle usage

15. Disease Route of Transmission Common SymptomsVaccineTreatment AnthraxOral, aerosol, blood Staggering, trembling, collapse, terminal convulsions, bloody discharge Yes Bovine BrucellosisOral, reproductiveAbortions, stillbirths, weak calvesYes Bovine leukosisBlood, reproductiveEnlarged lymph nodesNo Johne's DiseaseOral, reproductiveDiarrhea, weight loss, bottle jawNo Bovine TuberculosisAerosol Lesions in organs and body cavity, weight loss No Bovine Viral DiarrheaOral, reproductiveSevere diarrhea, fever, abortionsYes Coronavirus enteritisOralDark green to black diarrheaNoYes CryptosporidiosisOralDiarrheaNoYes Infectious bovine rhinotracheitisAerosol, reproductive Abortions, cough, eye infections, genital infections Yes Leptosporosis Direct, oral, aerosol, reproductive Abortions, stillbirths, weak calves, fevere, decrease in performance Yes NeosporosisOral, reproductiveAbortionsYesNo Parainfluenza-3 virusAerosol Cough, nasal discharge, increased respiratory rate Yes RabiesDirect Anorexia, hyperexcitability, altered temperment, death YesNo SalmonellosisOralDiarrheaYes

16. FEAD Quick Facts http://aevm.tamu.edu

17. Biosecurity Practices for Dairy Producers

18. Disease Risk Assessment Identify diseases and transmission Determine cost benefits

19. General Practices Identify all animals Keep records Provide balanced ration Prevent manure contamination Prevent transmission  Bunks  Milking  Reservoir animals Necropsy dead animals Carcass disposal plans

20. — Allen Roussel

21. Pre-weaned calves Vaccination programs  Dam  Calves Clean maternal lot Newborn calves  Removal  10% body weight  Navel health Separate calves  Older animals  Surface run-off Milk  Colostrum  Waste-milk

22. — Derry Magee

24. Purchased Animals Quarantine new animals Vaccination program Collect herd history

25. Replacement Heifers Isolate Vaccination program Manure contamination Quarantine returning animals

26. Lactating Cows Equipment  Established herd vs quarantined/sick Sick animals  Isolate Separate fresh cows

27. Dry Cows Dry cow treatments Teat sealants Vaccinate  Not within 2 weeks of calving Separate dry and sick cows Balanced ration

28. Bulls Test bulls  Before purchasing  Routinely for venereal diseases Vaccination program

29. Semen Importation Purchase from known sources  Infectious disease programs Know health history Monitor tanks

30. Product Safety Culture  New cow’s  Bulk tanks Limited access to storage facilities Alarm systems Sanitize tank

31. Premise Protection Visitors  Designated meeting area  Limit number of visitors  Disinfect Visitors Trailers Vehicles Tires  Disposable clothing and shoes  Keep identification  No physical contact with animals

32. Owners  Clothing Disposable shoes Clothes  Footbaths  Equipment disinfectants  Mycotoxin testing  Law enforcement

33. Security  Lock gates  Post signs  Random security checks  Good perimeter fences  Secure facilities  Clean storage facilities before restocking  Reduce wildlife contact  Inventory materials  Secure water sources  Monitoring system  Stranger alert

34. Transportation  Disinfectants 1 part bleach to 1 part water  Wash/disinfect Trailers Tires Mats Trucks  Cleaning crews  Clean everything  Remove debris  Leave disinfectant for 20-30 minutes  Dry completely

35. Employees  Wash hands  Report sick animals  Check out keys  Safety and security meetings  Guidelines for home animals  Travel from other countries

36. Foreign Travelers  48 hours  Disinfect clothing  No contact with cattle

37. If disease is suspected Routine observation  Early detection  Rapid reporting Contact veterinarian Report to TAHC  1-800-550-8242 Prompt quarantine Rapid response Quick diagnosis

38. Be prepared  Emergency contact list  Critical premises information Lots Fences Storage facilities Site map

39. Disaster Preparedness Possible natural disasters: Disease outbreaks Floods Fires Hurricanes Tornadoes Winter storms Droughts

40. Possible Human Caused Disasters: Traffic Terrorism & Bioterrorism Power outages Explosions Hazardous material spills

41. AIC Plan  Appendix off of local EM plan  Determines what should be done before, during and after disaster  Works with both livestock and pets/companion animals

42. List everything that must be done, and every person involved. Use the AIC plan only as a guide. Don’t leave out details. Hold regular exercises. Communicate. Keep situation reports and activity logs of past scenarios.

43. What are Foreign Animal Diseases? Disease that is not currently present in the United States Can be zoonotic

44. How can a FAD come into U.S.? Natural Accidental Intentional (bioterrorist act)

45. Foot and Mouth Disease Highly contagious Potential to spread rapidly People not affected  Devastating Emotionally Economically Sociologically

46. Susceptible domestic and wild cloven- hoofed livestock  Cattle  Sheep  Goats  Domestic and feral swine  Deer  Llamas

47. Transmission  Aerosol wind  Mechanical people, vehicles, animals  Biological movement of infected animals uncooked or undercooked meat products

48. If an outbreak occurs  Restrictions  Quarantines  Eradication Slaughter of animals Proper disposal

49. FMD Outbreak in 2001 in Great Britian Delayed response  10,472 farms depopulated  4 million destroyed to stop disease  2.5 million “humanely” slaughtered  Over $13 billion

51. National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense Extension Train-the-Trainers Curriculum

52. National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense Chapter 1...............................................................Potential Occurrences Chapter 2............................................................................Epidemiology Chapter 3.........................................................Foreign Animal Diseases Chapter 4................................Emerging and Endemic Animal Diseases Chapter 5................................Biosecurity Best Management Practices Chapter 6....................................State Animal Diseases Response Plan Chapter 7...................................................................Extension EM Plan Chapter 8..............................................................County/Local EM Plan Chapter 9.....................................Media Relations and Communications Chapter 10..........................................................Teaching Effectiveness Chapter 11............................................................Curriculum Evaluation Extension Train-the-Trainers Curriculum

53. Questions?