1. Moral Reasoning (Lawrence Kohlberg) Level 1: Preconventional Stage 1: avoid punishment Stage 2: gaining rewards Level 2: Conventional Stage 3: social approval Stage 4: laws, social order, dutylaws Level 3: Postconventional Stage 5: community welfare & individual rights Stage 6: abstract coherent principles of justice and equality

2. Age 10 is blue Age 13 is purple Age 16 is white Stages 1 & 2 are preconventional Stages 3 & 4 are conventional Stages 5 & 6 are post conventional

3. 1) From childhood through adolescence, moral reasoning changes from preconventional to conventional levels. 2) In adolescence and even in adulthood, postconventional reasoning is relatively uncommon. 3) A person’s moral judgments do not always reflect the same level or stage within levels.

4. Parenting Styles Authoritative* (high warmth, impose controls, responsive) Authoritarian (low warmth, impose controls) Permissive (high warmth, low controls) Indifferent (low warmth, low controls) * Note: best outcome (self-reliant, cooperative, high school performance)

5. Most Important Factors 1)The experience of choice (preserves self esteem & self-reliance and protects against depression) Choice + Consequences = Responsibility 2) Parental Modeling 3) Peer Modeling