1. Computer Organization and Design David. Paterson and John L. Hennessy

2. Outlile (1)Computer Abstractions and Technology (第一週)
(2)Instructions：Language of the computer (第二、三週)
(3)Arithmetic for computer (第四、五週)
(4)Assessing and understanding performance (第六、七週)
(5)The processor：Datapath and Control (第八、九週)
(6)Enhancing performance with pipelining (第十、十一週)
(7)Large and Fast：Exploiting memory Hierarchy (第十二、十三週)
(8)Storage, Network, and other peripherals (第十四、十五週)

3. Chapter 1

4. Introduction This course is all about how computers work
But what do we mean by a computer?
Different types: desktop, servers, embedded devices
Different uses: automobiles, graphics, finance, genomics…
Different manufacturers: Intel, Apple, IBM, Microsoft, Sun…
Different underlying technologies and different costs!
Analogy: Consider a course on “automotive vehicles”
Many similarities from vehicle to vehicle (e.g., wheels)
Huge differences from vehicle to vehicle (e.g., gas vs. electric)
Best way to learn:
Focus on a specific instance and learn how it works
While learning general principles and historical perspectives

5. FIGURE 1.1 The number of distinct processors sold between 1998 and 2002

6. FIGURE 1.2 Sales of microprocessors between 1998 and 2002 by instruction set architecture combining all uses.

7. Why learn this stuff? You want to call yourself a “computer scientist”
You want to build software people use (need performance)
You need to make a purchasing decision or offer “expert” advice
Both Hardware and Software affect performance:
Algorithm determines number of source-level statements
Language/Compiler/Architecture determine machine instructions (Chapter 2 and 3)
Processor/Memory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5, 6, and 7)
Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4

8. What is a computer? Components: input (mouse, keyboard)
output (display, printer)
memory (disk drives, DRAM, SRAM, CD)
network
Our primary focus: the processor (datapath and control)
implemented using millions of transistors
Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor
We need...

9. Understanding program performance
Hardware or software component
How is component affects performance
Where is this topic covered?
Algorithm
Determines both the number of source-level statements and the number of I/O operations executed
Other books!
Programming language, compiler, and architecture
Determines the number of machine instructions for each source-level statement
Chapter 2 and 3
Processor and memory system
Determines how fast instructions can be executed
Chapter 5, 6, and 7
I/O system (hardware and operating system)
Determines how fast I/O operations may be executed
Chapter 8

10. FIGURE 1.3
A simplified view of hardware and software as hierarchical layers, shown as concentric circles with hardware in the center and applications software outermost

11. Abstraction Delving into the depths reveals more information
An abstraction omits unneeded detail, helps us cope with complexity What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions?

12. How do computers work? Need to understand abstractions such as:
Applications software
Systems software
Assembly Language
Machine Language
Architectural Issues: i.e., Caches, Virtual Memory, Pipelining
Sequential logic, finite state machines
Combinational logic, arithmetic circuits
Boolean logic, 1s and 0s
Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)
Semiconductors/Silicon used to build transistors
Properties of atoms, electrons, and quantum dynamics
So much to learn!

13. FIGURE 1.5 The organization of a computer, showing the five classic components

14. FIGURE 1.6 A desktop computer

15. FIGURE 1.7
Each coordinate in the frame buffer on the left determines the shade of the corresponding coordinate for the raster scan CRT display on the right.

16. FIGURE 1.8 Inside the personal computer of Figure 1.6 on page 17.

17. FIGURE 1.9 Inside the processor chip used on the board shown in Figure 1.8.

18. FIGURE 1.10 Close-up of PC motherboard.

19. FIGURE 1.11 A disk showing 10 disk platters and the read/write heads.

20. Instruction Set Architecture
A very important abstraction
interface between hardware and low-level software
standardizes instructions, machine language bit patterns, etc.
advantage: different implementations of the same architecture
disadvantage: sometimes prevents using new innovations True or False: Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important?
Modern instruction set architectures:
IA-32, PowerPC, MIPS, SPARC, ARM, and others

21. FIGURE 1.12 Relative performance per unit cost of technologies used in computers over time.
Year
Technology used in computers
Relative performance/unit cost
1951
Vacuum tube 1
1965
Transistor 35
1975
Integrated circuit
900
1995
Very large scale integrated circuit
2,400,000
2005
Ultra large scale integrated circuit
6,200,000,000

22. FIGURE 1.13 Growth of capacity per DRAM chip over time.

23. FIGURE 1.14 The chip manufacturing process.

24. FIGURE 1.15 An 8-inch (200-mm) diameter wafer containing Intel Pentium 4 processors.

25. FIGURE 1.16
An Intel Pentium 4 (3.06 GHz) mounted on top of its heat sink, which is designed to remove the 82 watts generated within the die.

26. FIGURE 1.17 Performance increase of workstations, 1987-2003.

27. Historical Perspective
ENIAC built in World War II was the first general purpose computer
Used for computing artillery firing tables
80 feet long by 8.5 feet high and several feet wide
Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet long
Used 18,000 vacuum tubes
Performed 1900 additions per second
Since then: Moore’s Law: transistor capacity doubles every months