1. Spatial distribution of personality types Ulrika Alm Bergvall Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Dept. of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Fallow deer (Dama dama)

2. Question How can we explain the maintenance of multiple personality types in a population?

3. Answer Equal fitness Spatial variation and limited plasticity (Darwin 1859, Dobzhansky 1951, West-Eberhard 2003)

4. Method Identify personality trait dimensions in fallow deer (Dama dama) Relate personality to spatial distribution

5. Tame fallow deer – Experimental studies – Behavioural observations – Personality ratings Bergvall UA, Schäpers A, Kjellander P & Weiss A. 2011 Animal Behaviour

6. 36 wild fallow deer GPS-GSM collar

7. Arc view

8. Personality trait dimensions Boldness Dominance Flexibility Sociability

9. Habitat map (satellite) GPS positions from 17 females Summer 2008 – 2010 Proportion positions in different habitat types

10. Results Shyer individuals more often in pastures Bold individuals more often in young forest High in Sociability / Dominance – more in pastures

11. Conclusions Spatial variation together with limited plasticity can explain evolution and maintenance of personality Studies on vigilance – Earlier studies: Adjust vigilance to habitat and risk – This study: Different types of vigilance in separate personality dimensions and – more vigilant individuals in more risky habitats and vice versa. Individuals select environment