1. Prof. Andreas Ladner pmp 2011 Gestion de l’organisation territoriale Tasks and Functions

2. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Why do we have/need a state?

3. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | State in history  The feudalistic state (empires, monarchies)  The oligarchic state (aristocracies, bourgeoisies)  The liberal constitutional state  The national state  The democratic welfare state  (States without territory and boundaries)

4. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Main tasks of a state - a general view  Guaranteeing security and social order (external and internal security)  Guaranteeing provisions and services which are essential to modern life and for which an universal provision has to be guaranteed  Providing infrastructure and regulations for economic prosperity  Guaranteeing social security and welfare  Guaranteeing sustainable development and protection against risks

5. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | A state provides public services 1.What are the specific public services a state has to provide? 2.How does the state have to provide these services?

6. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | How do you define what a modern state has to do?

7. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | In modern, developed countries the term public services often includes:  Broadcasting  Education  Electricity  Environmental protection  Fire service  Gas  Health care  Military  Police service  Public information and archiving, such as libraries  Public transportation  Social housing  Social services  Telecommunications  Town planning  Waste management  Water services

8. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | How do you define how a state has to provide its services?  Goods (services) which may (according to prevailing social norms) be under-provided by the market.  Or: By democratic political decisions tout court!.

9. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Mancure Olson (1986): Toward a More General Theory of Governmental Structure  A theory of governmental structure begins with market failure  Market failure stems from nonrivalness in consumption and infeasability of excluding nonpurchasers -> Public goods

10. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Public goods have different patterns of benificiaries  Exogenous domains (receivers of a public good are beyond the control of the political and legal system)  Endogenous domains (receivers of a public good are within the political and legel system)  Some public goods have a clientele that is not defined geographically.

11. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | See article 1969:  Parteo optimal allocation has to follow the principle of fiscal equivalence  http://www.andreasladner.ch/dokumente/Literatur_Unterric ht/Olson_1969.pdf http://www.andreasladner.ch/dokumente/Literatur_Unterric ht/Olson_1969.pdf

12. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | „Gewährleistungsstaat?“  Services provided by the state itself  Services for which the responsibility for the provision is in the hand of the state Leading principle(s)?

13. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | B: Allocation of tasks and services  Which state level which services?  Decision, funding and execution  (Social security, health, education, …… )

14. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Which level which services?  Allocation of services between different levels  Decision, funding and execution  Relationship between the different levels -> IGM

15. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Dimensions to analyse (Page and Goldsmith 1987)  Tasks  Discretion  Access and Influence

16. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Results 1987  Northern European Countries (Norway, Denmark, Sweden, UK): Local governments have a wide range of functions, with some discretion in the way these functions are performed. Access to central government passes largely through their local government associations.  Southern European Countries (France, Spain, Italy): Local governments are small with few functions, limited discretion (oversight through central government) and limited finances. More direct and informal access to central government for many matters of interest.

17. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Since then, things have probably changed  EU  NPM  Local Democracy  Governance

18. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | How to measure the role of local government?  Task and functions: share of public expenditure, share of public employment  Discretion: Regulations and the legal system, oversight, (financial autonomy), self-rule or shared rule  Access: importance of associations, role of parties, „cumul des mandats“

19. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Hypotheses  Recent developments had very little impact on IGR (path dependency)  Extensive changes  Varying degrees of change depending on the experience of each country

20. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Observation Growing importance of the meso (UK, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy Norway, Sweden).

21. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 |

22. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 |

23. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | La Suisse – Sonderfall?

24. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | | Diapositive 24 | Personnel de la fonction publique centrale selon le type d’employeur 1995-2008 (NOGA08)

25. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Taux d’administration selon la forme juridique | Diapositive 25 |

26. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | | Diapositive 26 | Impact culturel 2005

27. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Results from the country conclusion of the chapters in Goldsmith/Page (1) Institutions of territorial governance have changed (due to globalization, Europeanisation, the emergence of the meso and changing patterns of regulation) considerably -> nature of IGR are likely to have changed also. -> a greater diversity in terms of IGR is to be found

28. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Results from the country conclusion of the chapters in Goldsmith/Page (2) North-south distinction is no longer valid Some countries which were at the top in 1987 have moved down (N), some have moved up (F, I) (p. 248)

29. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 |

30. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Discretion  Supervisional power of national government has declined in F and I  E: Whitehall has become more important, supervision, audit  DK, N, S: tightening of the existing framework of supervision

31. | ©IDHEAP - NOM@idheap.unil.ch | | 22/06/2015 | Trends  Finishing unfinished business in the South  Greater regulations and new forms of it  Beyond North and South