1. Class Website http://public.csusm.edu/DAMwebsite/humanheredity.html Announcements, Lectures and Homework assignments will be posted

2. Biology of the Cell

3. Cells are the Fundamental Unit of All Living Things Prokaryotes  Single-cell organisms  Cells have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles  Bacteria Eukaryotes (YOU-karyotes)  Multicellular organisms  Each cell has membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus  Animals and plants

4. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

5. Tissues Are Composed of Cells

6. Chemical Constituents of Cells Carbohydrates  Sugars and starches Lipids  Fats and oils Proteins  Including enzymes Nucleic acids  DNA and RNA

7. Cell Structure and Components

8. Membrane-bound Organelles Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum  Smooth and Rough Golgi Complex Lysosomes and Peroxisomes Mitochondria

9. Nucleus Location of chromosomal DNA  DNA contains the “recipes” for making proteins  Proteins give cells their specific characteristics and functions Nucleolus  Site of ribosome production

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough  Covered in ribosomes  Site of protein synthesis Smooth  Site of lipid synthesis

11. Ribosomes Scaffolding for protein synthesis Composed of RNA rRNA tRNA mRNA Growing protein

12. Golgi Apparatus Processing center Site of sugar synthesis Vesicles bud off of Golgi

13. Lysosomes and Peroxisomes Sacs of enzymes Lysosomes  Degrade cellular debris Peroxisomes  Degrade lipids and other biochemicals

14. Mitochondria Site of energy production Contains its own circular DNA Inherited from mom

15. Cytoskeleton Protein scaffolding Give cell its shape Transport cellular contents 3 major components  Microtubules  Intermediate filaments  Microfilaments

16. Microtubules Largest diameter Hollow tubes Composed of tubulin dimers Important for cell division Form cilia

17. Intermediate Filaments Smaller than microtubules Coiled rods Composed of dimers of different proteins depending on cell type Important for cellular attachments

18. Microfilaments Smallest component of the cytoskeleton Long, thin rods Composed of actin Important for stretching and compression of the cell Important for cell-cell interactions

19. Plasma Membrane Encompasses cytoplasm and organelles Phospholipid bilayer Regulates what enters and exits the cell Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail

20. Exocytosis and Endocytosis

21. Molecules in the Plasma Membrane Give cell its characteristics Glycoproteins  Proteins with sugar attached Glycolipids  Lipids with sugar attached Proteins  Receptors/Signal Transduction  Cell adhesion

22. Receptors Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane A ligand is a molecule that binds to a receptor Ionotropic  Allow direct passage of molecules into cell Metabotropic  Cause a cascade of events involving secondary messengers and enzymes

23. Signal Transduction Metabotropic receptors Outside stimuli (extracellular) changed into intracellular biochemical reaction Signal is changed and amplified Aris Q3

24. Cell Adhesion Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) Bind to adhesion receptor proteins Mouse embryonic neurons migrating up radial glia

25. Cell Adhesion and Schizophrenia Delusions Hallucinations Motor disturbances Inappropriate affect

26. Secretion “There are three reasons for breast- feeding: the milk is always at the right temperature; it comes in attractive containers; and the cat can't get it.” - Irena Chalmers