1. The Nervous System The Lay of the Land

2. Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

3. Central nervous system BrainSpinal cord

4. Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

5. Nervous system Central nervous system BrainSpinal cord Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

6. Figure 2.2 The human nervous system Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

7. Nervous system Central nervous system BrainSpinal cord Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Afferent nerves Efferent nerves Autonomic nervous system Afferent nerves Efferent nerves Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

8. Generally speaking… Sympathetic nervous system –Gets body ready for “fight or flight” Parasympathetic nervous system –Saves energy, slows things down to normal after danger is over

9. Protecting the Central Nervous System

10. Figure 2.12 Structures that protect the CNS Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

11. Meninges: Layers of protection Dura mater (tough mother) Arachnoid mater (spiderweblike membrane) Pia mater (pious mater)

12. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Water bed Central canal Cerebral ventricles

13. Figure 2.14 The ventricular system Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

14. The Blood-Brain Barrier Prevents harmful substances in the blood from entering the brain The cells that make up the walls of the blood vessel walls are squeezed close together, so many molecules cannot pass through

15. The Blood-Brain Barrier Substances that are important for brain and body functioning can pass through Psychotropic drugs, anti-histamines

16. Cells of the Nervous System

17. Neurons Glial cells

18. Neurons Figure 2.5 A typical neuron and synapse Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers Figure 2.6 The four major types of synapses Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

19. 2. Glial cells Oligodendrocytes –Myelin sheath of central nervous system Schwann cells –Myelin sheath of peripheral nervous system

20. Figure 2.9 Types of glial cellsS Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

21. 2. Glial cells Astrocytes –Astro = star –Helps maintain the blood-brain barrier –Provide neurons with nutrients –Support neurons: protect and hold neurons in place –Keep neurons separated to prevent messages from being mistakenly transmitted

22. 2. Glial cells Microglial –Micro = small –Clean up neurons that have died

23. Central nervous system BrainSpinal cord

24. The Spinal Cord

25. 31 pairs of spinal nerves –8 cervical –12 thoracic –5 lumbar –5 sacral –1 coccygeal Figure 2.10 The 31 pairs of spinal nerves Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

26. Figure 2.15 Section of the spinal cord Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers Gray matter: cell bodies White matter: axons Figure 1.3 A cross-sectional view of part of the spinal cord Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

27. Dorsal, afferent, sensory Ventral, efferent, motor

28. Major Structures of the Brain

29. Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain

30. Major Structures of the Brain Hindbrain Figure 2.17 The hindbrain Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

31. Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum

32. Medulla Vital functions (heart beat, breathing) Swallowing, coughing, sneezing

33. Pons Relays info between cerebellum and forebrain Sleep Levels of consciousness

34. Cerebellum Balance Motor function Movement Posture

35. Major Structures of the Brain Midbrain Figure 2.18 The midbrain Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

36. Midbrain Periaqueductal gray Substantia nigra

37. Periaqueductal gray –Drugs that reduce pain

38. Substantia nigra –Latin for “black substance” –Dopamine

39. Major Structures of the Brain Forebrain

40. Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebral cortex Limbic system Basal ganglia http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10401930

41. Thalamus Relays information from all senses except smell Like a telephone switchboard that conveys information from vision, hearing, touch. Figure 2.21 The thalamus Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

42. Hypothalamus –Controls release of hormones –that stimulate growth –when under stress Controls temperature, hunger, thirst Figure 2.22 The hypothalamus Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

43. The cerebral cortex Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

44. Frontal lobe –Movement –Memory –Decision-making –Emotion –Conscious control of behavior –Personality Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

45. Damage to the frontal lobe Difficulty with responding to the environment –Not following rules –Impaired learning Changes in personality

46. Temporal lobe –Hearing –Memory –Language Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

47. Parietal lobe –Information from touch –Making sense of spatial relationships in the environment Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

48. Damage to the parietal lobe Right parietal lobe: neglect of left side

49. Occipital lobe –Vision Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

50. The limbic system Figure 2.23 The limbic system Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

51. Amygdala: fear and escape Hippocampus: memory

52. The basal ganglia Figure 2.23 The basal ganglia Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

53. Basal ganglia Voluntary movements –Parkinson’s disease –Huntington’s disease –Tourette’s

54. Figure 2.4 Anatomical directions and perspectives Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers