2. 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 2100 Depth (m) Time (s) Raw Seismograms 0 2100 Four-Layer Sand Channel Model 0 0 0.8 Midpoint (m)

3. Interferometric Seismic Imaging of the Moho J. Sheng, D. Sheley, J. Pechmann, G. Schuster, R. Nowack

4. Outline PP Imaging: Alaska Earthquake PS Imaging: Crosswell Data Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

5. Interference Pattern Optical Lens LASER t

6. Interference Pattern Optical Lens ss t LASER Lens Deformation Time Differences

7. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

8. Seismic Ghost Reflection Direct Ghost ? Find R(x,z) but not know source location

9. Direct Ghost 12Directx Directx Master Seismic Ghost Reflection Seismic Interferogram: Correlate Traces t }M m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate pseudo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate pseudo-shot gathers Ghost Direct has kinematics of primary reflection x M BONUS: Reduced Sensitivity to V(r) Sensitivity to V(r)

10. Migrate s(x,t) s(x,t) rather than s(x,t) Migrate s(x,t) s(x,t) rather than s(x,t) No need to know source location, wavelet No need to know source location, wavelet Reduced sensitivity to velocity errors Reduced sensitivity to velocity errors Problem: Virtual multiples Problem: Virtual multiples Summary

11. Outline PP Imaging: Alaska Earthquake PS Imaging: Crosswell Data Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

12. 0 km 200 km 0 s 1.6 s UTAH 0 50 km

13. Denali Earthquake 0 km 200 km 0 km 48 km Reflectivity Model 4 km/s 5.9 km/s 6.5 km/s 8.0 km/s

14. Denali Earthquake 0 km 200 km 0 s 40 s Z-Component Seismograms Time (s)

15. Denali Earthquake 0 km 200 km 0 km 48 km Z-Comp. Migration Image

16. Denali Earthquake 60 50 40

17. 0 km 200 km 0 s 1.6 s Utah Stations 0 50 km

18. Vertical Component Vertical Component(Bandpass)400 300 600 500 Time (s) 0 km 150 km p pp

19. Vertical Component Vertical Component(Bandpass+PEF)400 300 600 500 Time (s) 0 km 150 km

20. Vertical Component Vertical Component(Bandpass+PEF+FX)400 300 600 500 Time (s) 0 km 150 km

21. #1 #40 300s 460 s Z-Componentp pp

22. 1 150 km 0 km 40 km Migration Image 

23. Vertical Comp. (Synthetic) 0 50 221 traces (1 km evenly) Time (sec.)

24. Xmig (Synthetic) Xmig (Synthetic)0 60 0 220 Depth (km) Distances (km)

25. Colima, Mexico UU Strong Motion Network

26. Colima, Mexico Earthquake Colima, Mexico Earthquake(Vertical)120 50 270 200 Time (sec.)

27. Colima, Mexico Earthquake Colima, Mexico Earthquake (Vertical, Bandpass) 120 50 270 200 Time (sec.)

28. Colima, Mexico Earthquake Colima, Mexico Earthquake (Vertical, Deconed) 120 50 270 200

29. Crosscorrelogram Crosscorrelogram20 10 50 30 40 Time (sec.)

30. Xmig (P, P Ghost) Xmig (P, P Ghost) 0 60 0 Depth (km) 150 Distances (km)

31. Outline PP Imaging: Alaska Earthquake PS Imaging: Crosswell Data Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

32. Seismic P and PS Transmission S P P S ? Find R(x,z)

33. S P P S MasterS*S P*S Seismic P and PS Transmission P and PS Transmission Interferograms P and PS Transmission Interferograms x12 t } m(x) = (g, t - t ) gx g MxMxMxMx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Difference between Paths

34. Crosswell Model (D. Sheley) Depth (m) Offset (m) 1140 114 0 V p /V s = 1.5 Well Separation = 100 m = 100 m Source = 1500 Hz ds = 2 m dg = 2 m 5000 m/s 5500 m/s

35. Synthetic Data Depth (m) 0 114 2035 Time (ms) Original Data Depth (m) 0 114 82 Time (ms) Shifted Muted Data SPPS PPS S SP

36. Depth (m) Offset (m) 0 114 0 100 Conventional PS Comparison +10% Velocity Interferometric PS Offset (m) 0100

37. km/sec 6.0 5.0 7.0 Kidd Creek Crosswell Well 0 20 40 60 50 0 Receiver Well Source Depth (m) Offset (m)

38. 6 Time (ms) 0 20 40 60 Depth (m) 0 Time Shifted CRG

39. Conventional PS 0 20 60 50 0 Offset (m) 50 0Reduced-Time Depth (m)

40. 2. Possible Applications: Horizontal Drill Bit Imaging, CDP Mult. Earth, Mars/Sun Seismology 2 4. Limitations: 4. Limitations: Virtual Multiples Out-of-plane events, Common Inage Gath. N Traces N Correlograms Coherent Noise Summary m(x) = (g, t + t ) g gx MxMxMxMx M 1. New Passive Seismic Imaging Capability: Valid for V(x,y,z) Arbitrary Sources PP, PS, PSP,… 3. Opportunities: Interfer. Tomo., Red. error

42. 2. Possible Applications: Horizontal Drill Bit Imaging, CDP Mult. Reservoir Monitoring, Mars/Sun Seismology 2 3. Limitations: 3. Limitations: Virtual Multiples Reflectivity Imaging > Source Imaging N Traces N Correlograms Coherent Noise Summary m(x) = (g, t + t ) g gx MxMxMxMx M 1. New Passive Seismic Imaging Capability: Valid for V(x,y,z) Arbitrary Sources Src & R Images Poststack & Prestack

43. 6.0-6.0 Thanks to 1997-2002 UTAM sponsors and DOE. and DOE. Thanks to Lew Katz and Fred Followill.

44. Primary Ghost 12 Free-Surface Multiple

45. Primary Ghost 12 x PrimaryxPrimary Seismic Interferogram: Correlate Traces Caution: Ghostx Primary = R 3 t } m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Ghost Primary has kinematics of primary ref. x

46. Nine-Layered Model (J. Sheng) 00.6 1.2 1.8 3.0 Depth (km) 2.4 Model Crosscorrelogram image Distance (km) 0 3.0 Distance (km) 0 3.0 artifacts Kirchhoff Image

47. Nine-Layered Model Kirchhoff Image Product Image =Kirch*correl.00.6 1.2 1.8 3.0 Depth (km) 2.4 Distance (km) 0 3.0 Distance (km) 0 3.0 artifacts

48. SEG/EAGE Salt Model 0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 Depth (km) 3.0 3.6 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Distance (km)

49. 1.6 2.1 0 2.0 Time (s) X (km) 1.6 2.1 X (km) With only primaryJoint auto. migration Time Migration Results (39 CSGs) Source

50. Crosscorrelogram Image Crosscorrelogram Image0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 Depth (km) 3.0 3.6 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Distance (km)

51. Kirchhoff Image 0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 Depth (km) 3.0 3.6 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Distance (km)

52. Product Image 0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 Depth (km) 3.0 3.6 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Distance (km)

53. Overview of Univ. Utah Tomography and Modeling/Migration (UTAM) M. Budenseik, T. Crosby, M. Budenseik, T. Crosby, C. Cheng, R. He, G. Schuster, J. Sheng, J. Yu and M. Zhou

54. UTAM Goals Develop Innovative Tomography, Develop Innovative Tomography, Migration & Modeling Software Migration & Modeling Software Tomography: First successful visco/elastic acoustic waveform inversion of xwell data acoustic waveform inversion of xwell data Migration: Originators migration decon, wavepath migration, least squares migration wavepath migration, least squares migration filtering, seismic interferometry, POIC filtering, seismic interferometry, POIC Modeling: Numerical Recipes Book

55. Source Geophone Bit Position? Problems in RVSPWD Pilot signal? Wavelet ?

56. Problems with Drill-bit and RVSP Data No source wavelet No source initiation time Not easy to get pilot signal in deviated well Not easy to get pilot signal in deviated well and horizontal well

57. Static shift errors may exist Difficulty for separating primary and ghost waves from deviated or horizontal well Problems with Drill-bit and RVSP Data

58. Solution Cross- or Auto-correlogram Migration Why do we use autocorrelation of seismic data rather than the seismogram ???

59. Strengths of Autocorrelogram Migration No need to know initial time No limits to deviated well Reduce Static errors influence No need to know source wavelet

60. Weakness of Correlogram Migration Virtual Multiples & Loss of Resolution

61. Well Drill bit Receiver Primary Direct Wave Ghost What is Joint Migration

62. Final migration image Ghost migration Primary migration Seismic Data

63. Horizontal Well Model 0 Depth (m) 3 40 X (m) V1 V2 V4 V3 V5 V6

64. Shot Gather 1 200 0 4 Time (s) CSG 10 1 200 0 4 Time (s) Traces Autocorrelogram

65. 1.6 2.1 0 2.5 Depth (km) X (km) 1.6 2.1 X (km) Standard migration Joint migration Standard Migration with Joint Migration (3 CSGs) Source

66. 0 04.5 -5 East (kft) North (kft) Well Rig 10 Depth (kft) 0 9188 ft Offset=1135-4740 ft Recording Length: 20 s Sample Interval: 2 ms Main Acquisition Parameters

67. Claerbout, Katz, 70’s xx Earthquake 1900’s xx Utah+LLNL 1997 Migrate Claerbout, Rickett 1999 xyxyxyxy xyxyxyxyMigrate Arbitrary Unknown Src V(z) V(x,y,z) W(t) Location W(t) Location NOYESYESYES NO YESYESYES YES/NO YESNO? NOYESYES YESNO YES YES YES SELECTIVE HISTORY PASSIVE IMAGING Validity

68. Main Processing Steps Trace editing and static shift Trace editing and static shift Frequency panel analysis and noise elimination Frequency panel analysis and noise elimination Velocity analysis Velocity analysis Amplitude balance and energy normalization Autocorrelograms, vertical stacking utocorelograms Joint migrating autocorelograms

69. Acquisition Survey Map Well Rig 3C Receivers Drill bit 0 0 150030004500 -5000 East (ft) North (ft) C Line AC4

70. 3.0 2.0 1.0 Time (s) SP1255 1235 1215 Drill hole Joint Migration ( insert) and CDP Section

71. 3.0 2.0 1.0 Time (s) SP1255 1235 1215 Primary Migration ( insert) and CDP Section Drill hole

72. 3.0 2.0 1.0 Time (s) SP1255 1235 1215 Drilling hole Joint Migration ( insert) and CDP Section JOINT

73. 3.0 2.0 1.0 Time (s) SP1255 1235 1215 Primary Migration ( insert) and CDP Section Drilling hole Primary

74. SUMMARY Need separating primary and multiple? NO Work for deviated or horizontal well ? YES Reduce the influence of static errors ? YES Need pilot signal ? NO Need source wavelet and initial time ? NO Suppress coherent noise ? YES Amplitude fidelity ? NO Virtual Multiple ? YES

75. Primary Ghost 12 Free-Surface Multiple

76. Primary Ghost 12 x PrimaryxPrimary Seismic Interferogram: Correlate Traces Caution: Ghostx Primary = R 3 t } m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers

77. SEG/EAGE Salt Model 0 600 1200 1800 2400 Depth (m) 3000 3600 0 5000 10000 15000 Distance (m) 320 shots 176 traces per shot

78. Kirchhoff Image 0 600 1200 1800 2400 Depth (m) 3000 3600 0 5000 10000 15000 Distance (m)

79. XcorM0 600 1200 1800 2400 Depth (m) 3000 3600 0 5000 10000 15000 Distance (m)

80. 0 600 1200 1800 2400 Depth (m) 3000 3600 0 5000 10000 15000 Distance (m) KMXcorM

81. Kirchhoff Image 0 600 1200 1800 2400 Depth (m) 3000 3600 0 5000 10000 15000 Distance (m)

82. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Imaging of Hydo-Frac Location Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

83. Hydro-Fracturing=Unknown Source ? P P P P x12?

84. P S P P MasterP*P P*P x12 Hydro-Fracturing=Unknown Source t } m(x) = (g, t - t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Difference between Paths

85. -1.5 0 2100 2100 m 70 Ringy 30 Hz Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) 1.0 0 2100 m 0 1.0 1.0 Kirchhoff Migration Image Correlogram Migration Image Midpoint (m)

86. 1.5 -1.5 Migration Image: 1-s Stack 6.0 -6.0 Migration Image: 40-s Stack 0 2100 2100 m 70 Raw Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) 1.0 0 2100 m 0 Migration Image: 40-s Stack Migration Image: 1-s Stack

87. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Imaging of Hydo-Frac Location Transmission PS Migration Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

88. Xmig (Bandpass) Xmig (Bandpass) 0 60 0 Depth (km) 150 150 X (km)

89. Xmig (Bandpass+PEF+FX) Xmig (Bandpass+PEF+FX) 0 60 0 Depth (km) 150 Distances (km)

90. Denali Earthquake

91. Conventional PS Transmission Migration Depth (m) Offset (m) 0 114 0 100 True Velocity + 10 % Velocity Offset (m) 0100

92. Depth (m) Offset (m) 0 114 0 100 True Velocity Reduced-Time PS Migration + 10 % Velocity Offset (m) 0100

93. Time Delay = 3 ms ?Time Delay = 3 ms ? Well LocationWell Location Velocity ModelVelocity Model Data Problems

94. Conventional PS 0 20 60 50 0 Offset (m) Depth (m)