1. Dynamic Maintenance and Self Collision Testing for Large Kinematic Chains Lotan, Schwarzer, Halperin, Latombe

2. Kinematic structures A collection of rigid bodies hinged together---motion along joints LARGE structures: hyper-redundant robots [Burdick, Chirikjian, Rus, Yim and others], macro- molecules

3. The static model n links of roughly the same size possibly slightly interpenetrating many favorable properties and simple algorithms (HSR, union boundary construction), in particular, data structures for intersection queries: O(n log n) preprocessing -> O(n) rand. O(n) space O(log n) query -> O(1)

4. The kinematic model links joints chain, tree, graph

5. Dynamic maintenance, self collision testing the problem: Carry out a sequence of operations efficiently update of joint values the query is for self collision sample motivation: monte carlo simulation of protein folding paths

6. Dynamic maintenance: what ’ s available dynamic spatial data structures insertions and deletions kinetic data structures [Basch, Guibas, Hershberger 97] independent movements robot motion planning small number of degrees of freedom dynamic maintenance for kinematic struct ’ s link-size queries [H-Latombe-Motwani 96,Charikar-H- Motwani 98]

7. Dynamic maintenance, self collision testing the problem (reminder): Carry out a sequence of operations efficiently update of joint values the query is for self collision n: # of links ~ # of joints theory, worst case: rebuild spatial structure at each update

8. Collision testing, existing techniques UpdatingSelf-collisions I-COLLIDE (Cohen et al ’ 95) GRID (e.g. Halperin and Overmars ’ 98) BV Hierarchies (Quinlan ’ 94, Gottschalk et al ’ 96, van den Bergen ’ 97, Klosowski et al ’ 98)

9. Self-collision testing, assumptions a small number of joint values change from one step to the other the chain was self-collision free at the last step

10. Chain representation A Sequence of reference frames (links) connected by rigid-body transformations (joints) TT(R,t)TT(R,t) TT(R,t)TT(R,t) TT(R,t)TT(R,t) TT(R,t)TT(R,t) TT(R,t)TT(R,t) TT(R,t)TT(R,t) TT(R,t)TT(R,t) TT(R,t)TT(R,t) TT(R,t)TT(R,t) TT(R,t)TT(R,t) TT(R,t)TT(R,t) Hierarchy of “shortcut” transformations

11. Bounding Volume Hierarchy Chain-aligned: bottom-up, along the chain Each BV encloses its two children in the hierarchy Shortcuts allow to efficiently compute relative position of BVs At each time step only BVs that contain the changed joints need to be recomputed

12. Self-collision detection Test the hierarchy against itself to find collisions. But … Do not test inside BVs that were not updated after the last set of changes Benefits: Many unnecessary overlap tests are avoided No leaf node tested against itself

13. Self-collision: Example

14. Experimental results We tested our algorithm (dubbed ChainTree) against three others: Grid – Collisions detected by indexing into a 3D grid using a hash table 1-OBBTree – An OBB hierarchy is created from scratch after each change and then tested against itself for collisions K-OBBTree – After each change an OBB hierarchy is built for each rigid piece of the chain. Each pair of hierarchies is tested for collisions

15. Results: Extended chain (1) Single Joint Change

16. Results: Extended chain (2) 100 Joint Changes

17. Protein backbones 1SHG (171 atoms) 1B4E (969 atoms) 1LOX (1941 atoms)

18. Results: Protein backbones (1) Single Joint Change

19. Results: Protein backbones (2) 10 Joint Changes

20. Analysis – updating For each joint change: shortcut transformations need to be recomputed BVs need to be recomputed For k simultaneous changes time, but never more than Previous BV hierarchies required O(N log N) updating time

21. Upper bound holds for “ not so tight ” hierarchies like ours Lower bound holds for any convex BV Slightly worse than bound we prove for a regular hierarchy If topology of regular hierarchy is not updated, can deteriorate to in the worst case Analysis – collision detection

22. OBBs are larger than tight bounding spheres by a constant factor at each level This factor is fixed for all levels of the hierarchy Will the bound hold for a “ not so tight ” hierarchy like ours? Upper bound YES!

23. Lower bound 3d links form a unit d/8 units shifted by 1 along X and -Y form a layer d/8 layers shifted by 1 along – Y and Z form a chain [chain] [layer] Convex hull of all units overlaps! P=[2(d-1),d-1,(d-1)/4]