1. Figure 10-1 Light energy Sunlight H2OH2OO2O2 Light-dependent reactions ATP, NADPH Chemical energy CO 2 Calvin cycle (CH 2 O) n Chemical energy

2. Figure 10-2 Leaves contain millions of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are highly structured, membrane-rich organelles. Outer membrane Chloroplasts Cell Inner membrane Thylakoids Granum Stroma

3. Figure 10-21 Leaf surfaces contain stomata. Carbon dioxide diffuses into leaves through stomata. Guard cells Pore Stoma CO 2 Extracellular space Photosynthetic cells O2O2 H2OH2O Leaf surface Interior of leaf Leaf surface

4. Figure 10-4 Higher energy Wavelengths (nm) Gamma rays X-rays Ultra- violet Infrared Micro- waves Radio waves Shorter wavelength Visible light Longer wavelength Lower energy nm

5. Figure 10-6a Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light. Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a Carotenoids Chlorophylls absorb blue and red light and transmit green light Carotenoids absorb blue and green light and transmit yellow, orange, or red light

6. Figure 10-11 Reaction center Fluorescence Heat Photon e–e– e–e– Electron acceptor Chlorophyll molecules in antenna complex Reaction center Chlorophyll molecule Lower Higher Energy of electron RESONANCEFLUORESCENCEREDUCTION/OXIDATION or e–e– Electron drops back down to lower energy level; heat and fluorescence are emitted. Electron is transferred to a new compound. Energy in electron is transferred to nearby pigment.

7. Figure 10-1 Light energy Sunlight H2OH2OO2O2 Light-dependent reactions ATP, NADPH Chemical energy CO 2 Calvin cycle (CH 2 O) n Chemical energy

8. Figure 10-19 6 NADPH The Calvin cycle has three phases. 3 ATP + 3 CO 2 Regeneration: 5 G3P + 3 RuBP 3 ATP Fixation: Reduction: 3 RuBP 6 3-phosphoglycerate + 6 ATP 6 G3P 6 NADPH 6 ADP The reaction occurs in a cycle. All three phases of the Calvin cycle take place in the stroma of chloroplasts 3 CO 2 RuBP 3 ADP + 3 P i Carbons are symbolized as red balls to help you follow them through the cycle 3 PP 6P 1 G3P G3P 5 G3P 6 P 6 ATP 3-phosphoglycerate 6 H + + 6 P i 6 NADP + Fixation of carbon dioxide Regeneration of RuBP from G3P Reduction of 3-phospho- glycerate to G3P + +

9. Figure 10-25 Starch Glucose subunit Up to 1000 or more monomers Glucose subunit Fructose subunit Sucrose Glucose subunit Starch is a storage product Sucrose is readily transported

10. Figure 10-21 Leaf surfaces contain stomata. Carbon dioxide diffuses into leaves through stomata. Guard cells Pore Stoma CO 2 Extracellular space Photosynthetic cells O2O2 H2OH2O Leaf surface Interior of leaf Leaf surface

11. Figure 10-20 Reaction with carbon dioxide during photosynthesis : RuBP + CO 2 two 3-phosphoglycerate used in Calvin cycle Reaction with oxygen during “photorespiration” : RuBP + O 2 one 3-phosphoglycerate + one 2-phosphoglycolate used in Calvin cycle when processed, CO 2 is released and ATP is used

15. Giussani et al 2001

16. Stowe and Teeri 1978

17. Knapp et al. 1998