1. WWK How thermal energy transfer between the ocean and atmosphere drives various mechanisms that influence climate

2. Mechanisms of Heat Transfer There are three mechanisms of heat transfer: Conduction – The transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity. Energy is transferred through collisions from one molecule to another. Convection – The transfer of heat by the movement of a mass or substance. It only takes place in liquids and gases. Radiation – The transfer of energy (heat) through space by electromagnetic waves Heat energyis either transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation.

3. Climate System A climate system is the exchanges of energy and moisture that occur among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, solid earth, biosphere and cryosphere. Powered by the energy from the Sun, the climate system involves the exchanges of energy and moisture that occur among the five parts. These parts are: The Atmosphere The Hydrosphere The Solid Earth The Biosphere The Cryosphere (the ice and snow that exists on the earth’s surface)

4. Contributions to Heat Transfer Gases, Water, and Land all contribute to heat transfer. The heating of Earth’s surface directly influences the heating of air above. Human’s contribute to heat transfer with Carbon Dioxide emissions. Carbon Dioxide is a major heat absorber. Any change in the air’s Carbon Dioxide content could alter temperatures in the lower atmosphere.

5. WWK Analyze recent global ocean temperature data to predict the consequences of changing ocean temperature on evaoration, sea level, algal growth, coral bleaching, and hurricane intensity.

6. Ocean Climate Hurricanes form in tropical waters (except those of the south atlantic and eastern pacific) between the latitudes of 5 degrees and 20 degrees. – Hurricanes act as an air conditioning system for the earth By international agreement, a hurricane has wind speed in excess of 119 kilometers (74 miles per hour).

7. Formation Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs only on the surface of a liquid.vaporizationliquidsurface A hurricane is a heat engine that is fueled by the latent heat liberated when huge quantities of water vapor condenses from evaporation. The amount of energy produced by a tropical hurricane in just one day is immense- roughly equivalent to the entire electrical energy production of the united states in a year. Ocean temperature majorly influences weather -----

8. Evaporation the process of converting a liquid into a gas is evaporation. It takes approximately 600 calories of energy to convert 1 gram of water to water vapor. Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans and its projected continuation. Is global warming causing sea levels to rise? – Some scientist believe that global warming is melting the ice caps causing the sea levels to rise – However, it is possible that shoreline erosion is to blame especially by storm activity

9. WWK Analyze the empirical relationship between the emissions of CO2, atmospheric CO2 levels, and these contributions to global warming.

10. What Causes Global Warming? Scientists have spent decades figuring out what is causing global warming. They've looked at the natural cycles and events that are known to influence climate. But the amount and pattern of warming that's been measured can't be explained by these factors alone. The only way to explain the pattern is to include the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by humans. To bring all this information together, the United Nations formed a group of scientists called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC. The IPCC meets every few years to review the latest scientific findings and write a report summarizing all that is known about global warming. Each report represents a consensus, or agreement, among hundreds of leading scientists.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

11. CO2 And Our Atmosphere The concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere are increasing at an accelerating rate from decade to decade. accelerating from decade to decade. The latest atmospheric CO2 data is consistent with a continuation of this long-standing trend.concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere are increasing at an accelerating rate The upper safety limit for atmospheric CO2 is 350 parts per million (ppm). Atmospheric CO2 levels have stayed higher than 350 ppm since early 1988.upper safety limit for atmospheric CO2 is 350 parts per million Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the chief greenhouse gas that results from human activities and causes global warming and climate change.

13. WWK We will investigate evidence such as ice cores, glacial striations, and fossils for climate variability and its use in developing computer models to explain present and predict future climates.

14. Ice Core Ice cores are cylinders of ice obtained by drilling into a glacier. Since the different layers of ice are formed over time through build-up of snow, ice cores provide information on climate from different periods, although ice core data is available for only the past 800,000 years.

15. Ice Core, Continued.. Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information, more so than any other natural recorder, such as: tree rings or sediment layers. More specifically: wind-blown dust, ash, atmospheric gases, and even radio activity are left behind on each layer of an ice core.

16. Ice Core Continued… Despite their record being short (in geologic terms) it can be highly detailed and give scientists a remarkable archive of past climate change. This record can include the temperature, ocean volume, precipitation, chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, sea-surface productivity and a variety of other climate indicators. This gives scientists a gold mine of data that may unlock vital climatic secrets of our past, and in doing so; gain a better understanding of what we can expect in the future.

17. Ice Core Data This graph shows the Vostok ice core temperature variation in degrees Celsius plotted against the atmospheric CO2 concentration. A direct correlation can be made, as the CO2 concentrations increase within the layers, so does the temperature of those layers.

18. Glacial Striations Glacial Striations are: long, straight, parallel lines or grooves in a bedrock surface, formed by boulders, gravel, and pebbles embedded in a glacier that has passed over the surface. Even though there is no ice present today, these scratched lines are evidence that glaciers were here in the geologic past. The lines located on the bedrock can tell us which direction the glacier was moving by the direction that the lines point.

19. Exactly How Glacial Striations Came Into Being Glaciers are made of ice and rocks that get trapped in the ice. Glaciers flow downhill due to gravity. The moving glacier acts a lot like a bulldozer, stripping away layers of rock and moving them off to the side. Rocks embedded in the bottom of the glacier scrap a long the newly exposed bedrock and leave behind line- shaped scratch marks, called glacial striations. The direction of the scratch marks then tell us the direction that the glacier flowed.

20. Using Fossils To Determine Past And Future Climate Changes. The Metasequoia is a living fossil that first appeared 100 million years ago and emerged from the ice age virtually unchanged. Metasequoia fossils collected are extremely well-preserved, having chemical compounds that are usually missing from fossilized plant matter. While the existing Metasequoia trees are genetically very identical, which makes it very easy for scientists to do comparisons.

21. Continued Therefore, they both have a correlation in climate records, mainly when it comes to temperature and rainfall. A long with: carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen isotopes taken from leaf samples. This in turn, creates for us a set of data that shows how existing Metasequoia trees react to present-day weather conditions. Scientists are now using that data set to analyze isotopes extracted from the fossils of Metasequoias that grew in the Artic during the last period of global warming. Another example of this: By measuring the isotopic content of oxygen in a combination of fossilized mollusks.