1. ELECTRICITY
for kitchens & baths

2. Electricity
Amber
The Greeks used “Electric Force” to describe mysterious forces of attraction and repulsion when amber was rubbed on a piece of cloth. They didn’t understand it nor could they explain it. We know little more about it today.
Neg charged electrons, pos charged protons and neutrons are neutral.

3. Electricity
We know that electricity behaves in a consistent predictable manner, in given situations, but electricity has never clearly been defined.
Atoms –neutrons, protons and electrons
Atoms are neutrally charged
Most of the weight of an atom is found in the protons and neutrons.
Protons are more or less attached to the nucleus
Electrons revolve around the nucleus like planets revolve around the sun

4. Electricity
Atom

5. Electricity
Some electrons, particularly in metals are loosely bound and can detach and become “free electrons”
Free electrons as the name implies can move freely from atom to atom
When a force or pressure is applied free electrons begin to move

6. Electricity
The materials that allow this movement are called CONDUCTORS
The three metals that make the best conductors:
Silver
Copper
Aluminum

7. Electricity
Copper Atom
Valence electron

8. Electricity
Silver atom
Valence electrons

9. Electricity Insulators or Non Conductors: Semi-Conductors: Dry Wood
Glass
Rubber
Mica
Asbestos
Semi-Conductors:
Silicon
Semi-Conductors act a conductors in some circumstances and as insulators in others

10. Electricity
Electrical energy is transferred through conductors by means of movement of free electrons
A material’s ability to conduct current flow determines whether it is a good or bad conductor
Actually current flow moves quite slowly, more slowly than the minute hands on a clock

11. Electricity Terms Voltage Amperage (current) Resistance (Ohms)
Wattage (power)

12. Electricity voltage
Current that flows through electrical conductors is directly proportional to the difference in potential
Current is directly proportional to the amount of voltage
Voltage increases – current increases
Voltage decreases-current decreases
A hunk of metal is like a tank full of water only full of charge. Charge in the case of silver, copper and aluminum is actually the outer electrons or “valence electrons”.

13. Electricity voltage Six Methods of Producing Voltage
Friction – Static electricity
Pressure – Compression of crystals
Heating – In copper, electrons move away from the heat. In iron they move to the heat.
Light – Photoelectric cells
Chemical Action - Batteries
Magnetism
Pressure – crystals are squeezed to produce voltage
Heating – Voltage can be produced by heating the joint where two unlike metals come in contact
Light – Voltage is produced when light strike photosensitive substances
Magnetism – voltage is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a magnetic field

14. Electricity charge What is Charge? The stuff inside conductors
It’s the free electrons
How do we measure charge?
1 Coulomb = 6.28 x 1018 electrons
6,280,000,000,000,000,000
Ampere = 1 coulomb of charge flow per second

15. Electricity charge
The copper wire is full of “charged stuff” but there is no movement
Here is a way to visualize charge flow
1. Bend a copper wire to form a ring and solder together Remember the wire is full of liquid charge 2.

16. Electricity charge
The battery pumps the conductors charge stuff in a circle. The battery draws charge into on end and forces it out the other.

17. Electricity charge
The battery drives the ring of charge into motion, the charge moves along like a drive belt, and the light bulb filament “rubs” against the moving charge which makes it glow white hot.
Next cut the other end of the copper wire loop and install a light bulb. The friction of the narrow light bulb filament against the flowing charge-stuff creates high temperatures and the filament inside the bulb glows white hot.

18. Electricity charge
The higher the amperage the faster charge stuff moves
The more charge stuff that flows (though a larger wire) the higher the amperage
A fast flow through a narrow wire can have the same amps as a slow flow of charge through a larger wire.
If you keep the speed constant and increase the size of the wire you also increase the amperage
Watch out, since amperes are not just the speed of charge movement but also the quantity of coulombs. So, for example when you move more charge stuff through a bigger wire the amperage will also be higher.

19. Electricity watts
Watts is the name given to electrical flow – but what flows?
Energy
Energy is measures in joules
A joule of electrical energy can move from place to place along the wires.
The amount of energy that flows in one second is one watt

20. Electricity btu’s
BTU short for British thermal unit, a British standard unit of energy. One Btu is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit at its maximum density, which occurs at a temperature of 39.1 degrees Fahrenheit. One Btu is equal to approximately calories or 1055 joules.
As a rough guide, 1 joule is the absolute minimum amount of energy required (on the surface of Earth) to lift a one kilogram object up by a height of 10 centimeters.

21. Electricity closed circuits
A closed loop of wire is not necessarily a circuit unless voltage is present.
In any electric circuit where electrons move around, three things are present:
Voltage
Current
Resistance

22. Electricity closed circuits
The physical pathway for current flow is the circuit
The circuits resistance controls the amount of current flow around the circuit.
By knowing any two of the three quantities, the third can be calculated.

23. Electricity watts
Watts is the name given to electrical flow – but what flows?
Energy
Energy is measures in joules
A joule of electrical energy can move from place to place along the wires.
The amount of energy that flows in one second is one watt

24. Electricity watts
Power pertains to the rate at which work is being done.
Work is done whenever a force causes motion
i.e. when voltage causes electrons to move in a circuit work is done
The rate at which this work is done is called the electric power rate and is measured in WATTS

25. Electricity watts power
Watts = the amount of voltage across a circuit x the current through the circuit or
Watts = Volts x Amperes
P= EI

26. Resistance Another helpful formula V = Voltage A = Amperage
O = Ohms (resistance)
V = A x O or
A = V/O
Calculator

27. Electricity watts power
15amp circuit *120volts =1800watts
100watt bulb*10 =1000watts

28. Electricity What you need to remember
Voltage – The force that moves electrons in a conductor. Electrical pressure
Amperage – The rate of flow of electrical current.
Watts – The measure of the amount of electrical power.
Watts = Volts X Amps

30. Electricity enters the home from a transformer on the nearest power pole. The transformer reduces the voltage
To 240V for household use. A supply cable connects the transformer with the electric meter in the home via an overhead or sometimes a buried service cable. This cable then continues into the home to the service panel. At the entry point to the panel the service cable contains three wires or conductors. Two are “live” or hot insulated in black and red plastic. The third is a neutral or grounded bare copper or aluminum wire. The two hot wires carry a potential of 240 volts between the two conductors. The potential voltage for a device wired with one hot wire and a neutral is 120 volts

33. You never actually consume electricity – you just borrow it (although you transform much of its energy, which is what you pay for.

34. Kitchen Electricity Circuits
Four types of circuits for the Kitchen
General Lighting
Small Appliance
Individual Appliance
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

35. Electricity Circuits General Lighting Circuits – rules of thumb
One 15 amp circuit per 600 square feet
12 receptacles for a 15-amp circuit
One 20 amp circuit per 800 square feet
16 receptacles for a 20-amp circuit
Note: Lights in kitchens and baths must be permanently wired.

36. Kitchen Electricity Circuits
Receptacle Circuits – Rule of thumb
12 receptacles for a 15-amp circuit
16 receptacle for a 20-amp circuit
Small appliance circuits
Two 20-amp circuits
One or more 20-amp circuits in the dining room or family room
These circuits may not be used for lighting

37. Electricity circuits
Individual Appliance Circuits are dedicated to devices that draw enough current to warrant their own circuit.

38. Electricity circuits Breaker Capacity Amps 20 Appliance Voltage
Garbage Disposer
Electric Range/Cooktop
Gas Range/Cooktop
Dishwasher
Electric Tankless
Hot Water
Refrigerator
Microwave Oven
Exhaust Fan
Breaker Capacity Amps 20 30

39. Electricity circuits
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters are required for receptacles within 6 feet of a water source, such as a faucet or showerhead.
Most receptacles mounted above a kitchen countertop or bath lavatory fall into that category.
Receptacles that serve countertops must be spaced 4’ apart
For Universal Design place receptacles serving countertop spaces lower than 44” AFF.

40. Electricity Wiring
Island receptacles no more than 12” below the countertop surface.
Smoke detectors at least 12’ from kitchen

41. Electricity Kitchen Wiring
Dedicated circuit for the dishwasher
Dedicated circuit for the disposer
Dedicated circuit for built-in microwaves
At least two 20 amp dedicated small appliance circuits for the outlets serving the countertops
All outlets serving the countertop surface to be GFCI protected
Dedicated range/cooktop/oven circuits
Lighting Circuit
General receptacles for the room 6’ from the doorway and then every 12’

42. Electricity Bath Wiring
All Receptacles on dedicated circuit (GFCI)
One Receptacle installed within 36” of the sink (GFCI)
No receptacles placed within the tub or shower space.
No switches can be located within reach of a person standing in the tub or shower, unless part of a listed tub or shower assembly

43. Electricity Bath Wiring
Special Needs
Hard wire electric towel warmers or lighted or lighted magnifying mirrors
Individual circuits for electrical resistance heaters and electric floor heat
Wiring for ceiling heaters and ventilation systems
Individual circuit for spas, whirlpools, steam showers, some toilets and bidets
Hard wire anti-fog mirrors behind glass
Cloths washer/dryer

44. Electricity Outdated Wiring
The house is over 30 years old
A fuse box
100 Amp breaker panel
Ungrounded
Aluminum wire
Look for aluminum wiring

45. Electricity Outdated Wiring
GFCI’s are not present
Lights flicker when appliances cycle
Fuses blow
Too few switches and receptacles or lights present
Extension cords must be used

46. Electricity wire types

47. Electricity Wiring Size
15 Amp Circuit – 14 gauge
20 Amp Circuit – 12 gauge
30 Amp Circuit – 10 gauge
40 Amp Circuit – 8 gauge
50 Amp Circuit – 6 gauge

48. Electricity wire

49. Consult your electrician
Electricity circuits
Adding Circuits to the Breaker Panel
Consult your electrician
What if there are no spare circuits?
Replace breakers with wafer or mini breakers
Add a branch panel piggybacked to main panel
If it’s an old fuse panel replace it

50. Electrical Codes

51. Codes for Kitchens
Countertop receptacles every 4’-0”

52. Codes for Kitchens
Sinks, stoves, & cooktops act divide countertops

53. Plug Strips

54. Codes for Kitchens Receptacles no higher than 20” above countertop
Receptacles no more than 12” below countertop

55. Codes for Kitchens
Islands must be served by at least one receptacle

56. Codes for Kitchens
Peninsulas are measured from the connecting edge

57. Power Grommet

58. Codes for Kitchens
Receptacles serving countertops must be on 2 dedicated 20amp circuits and must be GFCI protected.
They must also serve the dining room and pantry if applicable.
Lighting may not be included in these circuits

59. Codes for Baths
At least one receptacle within 3’-0” of the outside edge of each basin
Vertical location same as kitchen
This receptacle cannot be inside a medicine cabinet
Receptacle must be powered by a 20 amp circuit with no other outlets. May serve two bathrooms and may power an exhaust fan and lighting provided it does not exceed the load max.
Must be GFCI protected

60. Codes for Baths
No receptacles over a bathtub or inside a shower stall.

61. Electrical Symbols

62. Electricity outlet symbols

63. Electricity outlet symbols

64. Electricity symbols R

65. Electricity outlet symbols

66. Electricity outlet symbols

67. Electricity outlet symbols

68. Electricity lighting symbols

69. Electricity lighting symbols

70. Electricity lighting symbols

71. Electricity lighting symbols

72. Electricity lighting symbols

73. Electricity lighting symbols

74. Electricity lighting symbols

75. Electricity lighting symbols

76. Electricity special purpose symbols

77. Electricity special purpose symbols

78. Electricity special purpose symbols

79. Electricity special purpose symbols

80. Electricity switch symbols
Single pole switch
Double pole switch
Three way switch
Four way switch
Single pole switch w/ dimmer
Three way switch w/dimmer