1. The Purple Menace Biological Control of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) By Ann Widmer

2. Meet purple loosestrife… Ornamental Seeds came in soil used as ship ballast 19 th century Medicinal uses

3. Highly invasive

5. Purple Loosestrife infested areas Map courtesy of The Nature Conservancy

6. Problems associated with purple loosestrife invasion Forms dense monocultures. Leads to the reduction of wetland plant diversity. Alters decomposition rates and nutrient cycling Reduces pollination and seed output of related native Lythrum alatum Reduces habitat for specialized wetland bird species

7. Traditional methods of control Spraying herbicides Pulling by hand Mowing Burning Water level alteration

8. Biological Control

9. Theory behind biological control A species introduced outside of its native range escapes the diseases, parasites, and predators that have coevolved with it These factors had limited the “competitive vigor” of that species in its area of origin Biological control involves reuniting a pest species with one or more of these controlling factors or “enemies”

10. The goal of biological control To reduce the population to an acceptable level… not to exterminate the species The trick is to find an enemy that is highly host specific, but can still survive when its target has been reduced to acceptable levels

11. Selecting a biological control agent

12. Risks of biological control Introduced biocontrol agent attacks native vegetation Biocontrol agent evolves over time to be less host specific -- Different from other methods of control because it cannot be discontinued once the biocontrol agent is released.

13. The process of investigation 1. Study the invasive weed – origin, potential for damage, existing natural enemies, and possible uses (panel of scientists from different disciplines)

14. The process of investigation 2. Search for the weed’s enemies from the center of its natural range. Select the most damaging and host specific for further ecological studies.

15. The process of investigation 3. Host specificity tests with horticultural, crop, and native plants related to the weed. If it does not survive in the absence of its target, it is considered safe for trial in the U.S.

16. The process of investigation 4. Upon federal approval for importation the candidate agent is put in quarantine and screened for its own parasites.

17. The process of investigation 5. Behavior, survival, and reproduction of the agent is studied in field cages in areas where the target species is found.

18. Release the agent Galerucella calmariensis

19. 4 insect species were approved for release to control purple loosestrife in the U.S. and Canada Galerucella (=Pyrrhalta) calmariensis Galerucella (=Pyrrhalta) pusilla Hylobius transversovittatus Nanophyes marmoratus

20. Different insects attack different parts of the plant

21. Who’s involved in release and monitoring? State agencies Federal agencies Universities Schools Private citizens

22. Has biological control been successful?

23. Mixed Results Are the insects effective at controlling purple loosestrife? Is purple loosestrife replaced by a diverse native wetland plant community? Are the insects host specific?

24. Are the insects effective at controlling purple loosestrife? Insect establishment –Galerucella calmariensis most successful –Multiple reports of G. pusilla not establishing –Hylobius transversovittatus populations difficult to monitor –Nanophyes brevis not widely released

25. Are the insects effective at controlling purple loosestrife? Defoliation –Early release sites show purple loosestrife biomass reduced by as much as 95% –Different programs have recorded different levels of success from 10%-100% defoliation of plants

26. Are the insects effective at controlling purple loosestrife? Seed production –Within 5 years, average stem height reduced by 73-85% –Stunted and malformed shoot tips –Reductions in length of flower stalk and number of flower buds –Even just 10% defoliation shown to reduce seed production

27. Is purple loosestrife replaced by a diverse native wetland plant community? In some areas, native plants are making a comeback In other areas, another invasive species has expanded where purple loosestrife has declined Purple loosestrife litter may inhibit the growth of some native plant seedlings

28. Are the insects host specific? The insects cannot complete their lifecycle without purple loosestrife Spill-over effects

29. Conclusions

30. Released biocontrol insects are defoliating purple loosestrife stands Damaged purple loosestrife stands produce fewer seeds, so fewer purple loosestrife seeds are in the seedbank. No lasting damage has been done to native vegetation

31. Biological control, in combination with traditional methods of weed control, shows the potential to control purple loosestrife in North America

32. Something to think about The risks of biological control in the case of purple loosestrife were justified because of... the magnitude of damage to wetlands caused by purple loosestrife the ineffectiveness of traditional methods of weed control the overwhelming potential for seed dispersal the availability of host-specific insect species.

33. Something to think about Is it actually worth the risk? Where do you draw the line? What other pests warrant biological control?