2. Progressivism Idealism, Professionalism, and Politics, 1900-1917

3. So what was it? Multi-faceted reform movement, as much a persuasion as an agenda Credentialed professionals, scientific management, desire for efficiency underlay many Progressive initiatives. Humanitarian Impulses and Political Reforms were the two major strains of Progressivism. (These often were intermingled.)

4. Why Progressivism? Awareness of harsh conditions for workers—muckrakers: Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives Old Liberal Republicans Socialism Quest for efficiency and order

5. Poor People Fishing for Coal

6. Political Progressivism Local, State, and National Level Reforms “The cure for the ills of Democracy is more Democracy. Council-Manager municipal government [City Managers (credentialed professionals)] Initiative, Referendum, Recall Direct Election of U. S. Senators; Graduated Income Tax

7. Efficiency F. W. Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management Robert La Follette—Legislative Reference Bureau—legal, economic, and scientific advice to law makers

8. Humanitarian Reforms Professional Social Workers Child Labor Laws Problem with “liberty of Contract” Muller v. Oregon (1908) upheld maximum hour laws for women

9. Progressive Era Presidents: Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson

10. Roosevelt Presidency Prosecuted Northern Securities Trust 1904 Election—Square Deal Hepburn Act (1906)—ICC to set rates Pure Food & Drug Act; Meat Inspection Act (1906) Support of Conservation of Public Domain

11. Taft Presidency Not really a progressive Angered Progressives when he supported Payne- Aldrich Tariff (lower rates of house bill replaced by high rates under Senate Republicans) Angered Progressives when he fired Gifford Pinchot after he reported how the Richard Ballinger (Interior) had opened up western rivers to dams. Roosevelt broke with Taft and returned from Africa to run for political office.

12. 1912 Election Roosevelt and Progressive “Bull Moose Party”: “We stand at Armageddon and we battle for the Lord.” Taft—Regular Republicans Wilson and Progressive Democrats Wilson had 435 electoral votes; TR had 88; and Taft 8.

13. Woodrow Wilson Self-righteous Presbyterian Sunday School Teacher Ph. D. in Political Science from Johns Hopkins Scientific Racist—Father was a leading Pro- Slavery minister (Joseph Ruggles Wilson)

14. Wilson the Progressive Underwood-Simmons Tariff (cut rates and backfilled with income tax)--1913 Federal Reserve Act—1913 Federal Trade Commission—1914 (cease & desist orders against unfair traders) Nominated Louis David Brandeis to S. Ct. Signed Keating-Owen Child Labor Act—1916 (Struck down in Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)

15. Progressive Legacy Racist assumptions made disfranchisement seem progressive White, Middle-Class, College Educated biases (Prohibition was directed against working class, eastern European, Catholic immigrants) But U. S. Entry into WWI, trumped Progressivism, the way U.S. entry into WWII would trump the New Deal