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Ass. Prof. Faculty of Medicine

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1 Ass. Prof. Faculty of Medicine
Essentials of Human Anatomy The Skeletal System 3 Appendicular Skeleton Chapter 5 Dr Fadel Naim Ass. Prof. Faculty of Medicine IUG 1

2 Appendicular Skeleton
Upper extremity Consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, lower arm, wrist, and hand Shoulder girdle Made up of scapula and clavicle Clavicle forms only bony joint with trunk, the sternoclavicular joint At its distal end, clavicle articulates with the acromion process of the scapula

3 Pectoral Girdle shoulder girdle clavicles scapulae
supports upper limbs

4 Clavicles articulate with manubrium
articulate with scapulae (acromion process)

5 Scapulae spine supraspinous fossa infraspinous fossa acromion process
coracoid process glenoid cavity

6 Upper Limb Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

7 Humerus The long bone of the upper arm
Articulates proximally with the glenoid fossa of the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna

8 Humerus head greater tubercle lesser tubercle anatomical neck
surgical neck deltoid tuberosity capitulum trochlea coronoid fossa olecranon fossa

9 Radius Long bone found on thumb side of forearm
Articulates proximally with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna articulates distally with scaphoid and lunate carpals and with head of ulna

10 Radius lateral forearm bone head radial tuberosity styloid process

11 Ulna Long bone found on little finger side of forearm
Articulates proximally with humerus and radius and distally with a fibrocartilaginous disk

12 Ulna medial forearm bone trochlear notch olecranon process
coronoid process styloid process

13 Wrist and Hand Carpals (16) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) trapezium
trapezoid capitate scaphoid pisiform triquetrum hamate lunate Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) proximal phalanx middle phalanx distal phalanx

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15 Appendicular Skeleton
Lower extremity Consists of the bones of Hip Thigh lower leg Ankle Foot

16 Pelvis The adult pelvis is composed of four bones:
the sacrum, the coccyx, and the right and left ossa coxae. Protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity. Pelvic girdle refers to the left and right ossa coxae only.

17 Os Coxae Commonly referred to as the “hip bone” or innominate bone.
Each is formed from three separate bones: the ilium the ischium the pubis Each articulates posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.

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20 Pelvic Girdle Coxae (2) supports trunk of body protects viscera

21 Coxae hip bones acetabulum ilium ischium pubis obturator foramen
iliac crest iliac spines greater sciatic notch ischium ischial spines lesser sciatic notch ischial tuberosity pubis obturator foramen symphysis pubis pubic arch

22 Greater and Lesser Pelves
Lesser Pelvis sacrum and coccyx posteriorly lower ilium, ischium, and pubis bones laterally and anteriorly Greater Pelvis lumbar vertebrae posteriorly iliac bones laterally abdominal wall anteriorly

23 Male and Female Pelvis Female iliac bones more flared broader hips
pubic arch angle greater more distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities sacral curvature shorter and flatter lighter bones

24 Lower Limb Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

25 Femur longest bone of body head fovea capitis neck greater trochanter
lesser trochanter linea aspera condyles epicondyles

26 Patella kneecap anterior surface of knee
flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon

27 Tibia shin bone medial to fibula condyles tibial tuberosity
anterior crest medial malleolus

28 Fibula lateral to tibia long, slender head lateral malleolus
does not bear any body weight

29 Ankle and Foot Tarsals (14) Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) calcaneus
talus navicular cuboid lateral cuneiform intermediate cuneiform medial cuneiform Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) proximal middle distal

30 Ankle and Foot

31 Arches of the Foot The sole of the foot does not rest flat on the ground. Helps it support the weight of the body. Ensures that the blood vessels and nerves on the sole of the foot are not pinched when standing.

32 Arches of the Foot Medial longitudinal arch extends from the heel to the big toe. Lateral longitudinal arch is not as high as the medial longitudinal arch. Transverse arch runs perpendicular to the longitudinal arches.

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34 Hallux valgus A lateral deviation of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint Its incidence is greater in women than in men Associated with badly fitting shoes. Often accompanied by the presence of a short first metatarsal bone. Once the deformity is established, it is progressively worsened by the pull of the flexor hallucis longus and extensor hallucis longus muscles.

35 Hallux rigidus Osteoarthritic changes in the metatarsophalangeal joint, which then becomes stiff and painful

36 Pes planus (flat foot) A condition in which the medial longitudinal arch is depressed or collapsed. As a result, the forefoot is displaced laterally The head of the talus is no longer supported The causes of flat foot are both congenital and acquired.

37 THE END


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